B: Biology: Tissues, Organs, and Systems of Living Things

B.1: evaluate the importance of medical and other technological developments related to systems biology, and analyse their societal and ethical implications;

B.1.3: describe public health strategies related to systems biology (e.g., cancer screening and prevention programs; vaccines against the human papillomavirus [HPV] and measles, mumps, and rubella [MMR]; AIDS education), and assess their impact on society

Disease Spread
Human Karyotyping
Virus Life Cycle (Lytic)

B.2: investigate cell division, cell specialization, organs, and systems in animals and plants, using research and inquiry skills, including various laboratory techniques;

B.2.1: use appropriate terminology related to cells, tissues, organs, and systems of living things, including, but not limited to: absorption, anaphase, capillaries, concentration, differentiation, diffusion, meristematic, mesophyll, phloem, prophase, red blood cells, regeneration, stomate, and xylem

Cell Division
Circulatory System
Diffusion
Osmosis

B.2.2: examine cells under a microscope or similar instrument to identify the various stages of mitosis in plants and animals

Cell Division

B.2.3: examine different plant and animal cells (e.g., cheek cells, onion cells) under a microscope or similar instrument, and draw labelled biological diagrams to show how the cells? organelles differ

Cell Structure

B.2.5: investigate the rate of cell division in cancerous and non-cancerous cells, using pictures, videos, or images, and predict the impact of this rate of cell division on an organism

Cell Division

B.2.6: investigate, through a laboratory or computer-simulated dissection of a plant, worm, fish, or frog, the interrelationships between organ systems of a plant or an animal (e.g., between the root system and leaf system in a plant; between the digestive system and circulatory system in an animal)

Circulatory System

B.3: demonstrate an understanding of the hierarchical organization of cells, from tissues, to organs, to systems in animals and plants.

B.3.1: describe the cell cycle in plants and animals, and explain the importance of mitosis for the growth of cells and repair of tissues

Cell Division
Cell Energy Cycle
Photosynthesis Lab

B.3.2: explain the importance of cell division and cell specialization in generating new tissues and organs (e.g., the division of stem cells into specialized cells such as muscle cells or nerve cells in humans; the division of meristematic cells to expand and differentiate plant tissue)

Cell Division
Photosynthesis Lab

B.3.3: explain the links between specialized cells, tissues, organs, and systems in plants and animals (e.g., muscle cells and nerve cells form the tissue found in the heart, which is a component of the circulatory system; granum and thylakoid structures act as solar collectors in the chloroplast to produce carbohydrates for plant growth)

Cell Energy Cycle
Circulatory System
Photosynthesis Lab

B.3.4: explain the primary functions of a variety of systems in animals (e.g., the circulatory system transports materials through the organism; the respiratory system supplies oxygen to and removes carbon dioxide from the body)

Circulatory System

B.3.5: explain the interaction of different systems within an organism (e.g., the respiratory system brings oxygen into the body, and the circulatory system transports the oxygen to cells) and why such interactions are necessary for the organism?s survival

Circulatory System

C: Chemistry: Chemical Reactions

C.1: analyse a variety of safety and environmental issues associated with chemical reactions, including the ways in which chemical reactions can be applied to address environmental challenges;

C.1.1: analyse, on the basis of research, various safety and environmental issues associated with chemical reactions and their reactants and/or product(s) (e.g., chemical reactions related to the use of cyanide in gold mining, the corrosion of metal supports on bridges, the use of different antibacterial agents such as chlorine and bromine in recreational pools)

Covalent Bonds
Ionic Bonds
Limiting Reactants

C.2: investigate, through inquiry, the characteristics of chemical reactions;

C.2.1: use appropriate terminology related to chemical reactions, including, but not limited to: compounds, product, and reactant

Balancing Chemical Equations
Chemical Equation Balancing
Covalent Bonds
Ionic Bonds
Limiting Reactants
Stoichiometry

C.2.2: construct molecular models to illustrate the structure of molecules in simple chemical reactions (e.g., C + O2 --> CO2; 2H2 + O2 --> 2H2O), and produce diagrams of these models

Balancing Chemical Equations
Chemical Equation Balancing
Covalent Bonds
Dehydration Synthesis
Ionic Bonds
Limiting Reactants

C.2.3: investigate simple chemical reactions, including synthesis, decomposition, and displacement reactions, and represent them using a variety of formats (e.g., molecular models, word equations, balanced chemical equations)

Balancing Chemical Equations
Chemical Equation Balancing
Covalent Bonds
Dehydration Synthesis
Ionic Bonds
Stoichiometry

C.2.4: use an inquiry process to investigate the law of conservation of mass in a chemical reaction (e.g., compare the values before and after the reaction), and account for any discrepancies

Balancing Chemical Equations
Chemical Equation Balancing
Limiting Reactants

C.2.6: plan and conduct an inquiry to classify some common substances as acidic, basic, or neutral (e.g., use acid?base indicators or pH test strips to classify common household substances)

pH Analysis
pH Analysis: Quad Color Indicator

C.3: demonstrate an understanding of the general principles of chemical reactions, and various ways to represent them.

C.3.1: describe the relationships between chemical formulae, composition, and names of binary compounds (e.g., carbon dioxide, CO2, has two oxygen atoms and one carbon atom)

Chemical Equation Balancing
Covalent Bonds
Dehydration Synthesis
Ionic Bonds
Stoichiometry

C.3.2: explain, using the law of conservation of mass and atomic theory, the rationale for balancing chemical equations

Balancing Chemical Equations
Bohr Model of Hydrogen
Bohr Model: Introduction
Chemical Equation Balancing
Element Builder

C.3.4: write word equations and balanced chemical equations for simple chemical reactions (e.g., 2H2 + O2 --> 2H2O)

Balancing Chemical Equations
Chemical Equation Balancing
Stoichiometry

C.3.5: describe, on the basis of observation, the reactants in and products of a variety of chemical reactions, including synthesis, decomposition, and displacement reactions (e.g., reactions occurring when magnesium burns or in the production of oxygen from hydrogen peroxide; the reaction of iron and copper sulphate; reactions occurring when fossil fuels burn)

Balancing Chemical Equations
Covalent Bonds
Dehydration Synthesis
Ionic Bonds
Limiting Reactants

C.3.7: describe how the pH scale is used to classify solutions as acidic, basic, or neutral (e.g., a solution with a pH of 1 is highly acidic; a solution with a pH of 7 is neutral)

pH Analysis
pH Analysis: Quad Color Indicator

C.3.8: identify simple ionic compounds (e.g., NaCl), simple compounds involving polyatomic ions (e.g., KNO3, NaOH), molecular compounds (e.g., CO2, H2O, NH3), and acids (e.g., HCl(aq), H2SO4(aq)), using the periodic table and a list of the most common polyatomic ions (e.g., OH?, SO4(2-)), and write the formulae

Covalent Bonds
Dehydration Synthesis
Electron Configuration
Ionic Bonds

D: Earth and Space Science: Climate Change

D.2: investigate various natural and human factors that influence Earth?s climate and climate change;

D.2.1: use appropriate terminology related to climate change, including, but not limited to: albedo, anthropogenic, atmosphere, cycles, heat sinks, and hydrosphere

Greenhouse Effect

D.2.2: design and build a model to illustrate the natural greenhouse effect, and use the model to explain the anthropogenic greenhouse effect

Greenhouse Effect

D.2.3: analyse different sources of scientific data (e.g., lake cores, tree rings, fossils and preserved organisms, ice cores) for evidence of natural climate change and climate change influenced by human activity

Greenhouse Effect
Rabbit Population by Season
Water Pollution

D.2.4: investigate a popular hypothesis on a cause-and- effect relationship having to do with climate change (e.g., the combustion of fossil fuels is responsible for rising global temperatures; the concentration of atmospheric CO2 is responsible for rising global temperatures; global temperatures have been on the increase since the industrial revolution; the severity of cyclones, hurricanes, and tornadoes increases as atmospheric temperatures increase), using simulations and/or time-trend data that model climate profiles (e.g., data from Statistics Canada and Environment Canada)

Greenhouse Effect
Hurricane Motion

D.2.5: investigate, through laboratory inquiry or simulations, the effects of heat transfer within the hydrosphere and atmosphere

Calorimetry Lab
Coastal Winds and Clouds

D.2.6: investigate, through laboratory inquiry or simulations, how water in its various states influences climate patterns (e.g., water bodies moderate climate, water vapour is a greenhouse gas, ice increases the albedo of Earth?s surface)

Coastal Winds and Clouds
Seasons Around the World
Seasons in 3D
Seasons: Earth, Moon, and Sun
Seasons: Why do we have them?

D.2.7: investigate, through research or simulations, the influence of ocean currents on local and global heat transfer and precipitation patterns

Calorimetry Lab
Coastal Winds and Clouds

D.2.8: classify the climate of their local region using various tools or systems (e.g., Ecoregions of Canada, bioclimate profiles), and compare their region to other regions in Ontario, Canada, and the world

Coastal Winds and Clouds
Seasons Around the World
Seasons in 3D
Seasons: Earth, Moon, and Sun
Seasons: Why do we have them?

D.3: demonstrate an understanding of natural and human factors, including the greenhouse effect, that influence Earth?s climate and contribute to climate change.

D.3.1: describe the principal components of Earth?s climate system (e.g., the sun, oceans, and atmosphere; the topography and configuration of land masses) and how the system works

Coastal Winds and Clouds
Seasons Around the World
Seasons in 3D
Seasons: Earth, Moon, and Sun
Seasons: Why do we have them?
Water Cycle

D.3.2: describe and explain heat transfer in the hydrosphere and atmosphere and its effects on air and water currents

Calorimetry Lab
Coastal Winds and Clouds

D.3.3: describe the natural greenhouse effect, explain its importance for life, and distinguish it from the anthropogenic greenhouse effect

Greenhouse Effect

D.3.4: identify natural phenomena (e.g., plate tectonics, uplift and weathering, solar radiance, cosmic ray cycles) and human activities (e.g., forest fires, deforestation, the burning of fossil fuels, industrial emissions) known to affect climate, and describe the role of both in Canada?s contribution to climate change

Greenhouse Effect
Plate Tectonics
Rabbit Population by Season
Water Pollution

D.3.6: describe how different carbon and nitrogen compounds (e.g., carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide) influence the trapping of heat in the atmosphere and hydrosphere

Covalent Bonds
Dehydration Synthesis
Greenhouse Effect

D.3.7: describe, in general terms, the causes and effects of the anthropogenic greenhouse effect, the depletion of stratospheric and tropospheric ozone, and the formation of ground-level ozone and smog

Greenhouse Effect

D.3.8: identify and describe indicators of global climate change (e.g., changes in: glacial and polar ice, sea levels, wind patterns, global carbon budget assessments)

Coastal Winds and Clouds
Greenhouse Effect

E: Physics: Light and Geometric Optics

E.1: evaluate the effectiveness of technological devices and procedures designed to make use of light, and assess their social benefits;

E.1.1: analyse a technological device or procedure related to human perception of light (e.g., eyeglasses, contact lenses, infrared or low light vision sensors, laser surgery), and evaluate its effectiveness

Ray Tracing (Lenses)
Ray Tracing (Mirrors)

E.1.2: analyse a technological device that uses the properties of light (e.g., microscope, retroreflector, solar oven, camera), and explain how it has enhanced society

Ray Tracing (Lenses)
Ray Tracing (Mirrors)

E.2: investigate, through inquiry, the properties of light, and predict its behaviour, particularly with respect to reflection in plane and curved mirrors and refraction in converging lenses;

E.2.1: use appropriate terminology related to light and optics, including, but not limited to: angle of incidence, angle of reflection, angle of refraction, focal point, luminescence, magnification, mirage, and virtual image

Basic Prism
Ray Tracing (Lenses)
Ray Tracing (Mirrors)

E.2.2: use an inquiry process to investigate the laws of reflection, using plane and curved mirrors, and draw ray diagrams to summarize their findings

Heat Absorption
Laser Reflection
Ray Tracing (Lenses)
Ray Tracing (Mirrors)

E.2.3: predict the qualitative characteristics of images formed by plane and curved mirrors (e.g., location, relative distance, orientation, and size in plane mirrors; location, orientation, size, type in curved mirrors), test their predictions through inquiry, and summarize their findings

Laser Reflection
Ray Tracing (Lenses)
Ray Tracing (Mirrors)

E.2.4: use an inquiry process to investigate the refraction of light as it passes through media of different refractive indices, compile data on their findings, and analyse the data to determine if there is a trend (e.g., the amount by which the angle of refraction changes as the angle of incidence increases varies for media of different refractive indices)

Basic Prism
Ray Tracing (Lenses)
Refraction

E.2.5: predict, using ray diagrams and algebraic equations, the position and characteristics of an image produced by a converging lens, and test their predictions through inquiry

Ray Tracing (Lenses)
Ray Tracing (Mirrors)

E.2.6: calculate, using the indices of refraction, the velocity of light as it passes through a variety of media, and explain the angles of refraction with reference to the variations in velocity

Basic Prism
Distance-Time Graphs
Ray Tracing (Lenses)
Refraction

E.3: demonstrate an understanding of various characteristics and properties of light, particularly with respect to reflection in mirrors and reflection and refraction in lenses.

E.3.3: describe, on the basis of observation, the characteristics and positions of images formed by plane and curved mirrors (e.g., location, orientation, size, type), with the aid of ray diagrams and algebraic equations, where appropriate

Laser Reflection
Ray Tracing (Lenses)
Ray Tracing (Mirrors)

E.3.4: explain the conditions required for partial reflection/refraction and for total internal reflection in lenses, and describe the reflection/ refraction using labelled ray diagrams

Basic Prism
Laser Reflection
Ray Tracing (Lenses)
Ray Tracing (Mirrors)
Refraction

E.3.5: describe the characteristics and positions of images formed by converging lenses (e.g., orientation, size, type), with the aid of ray diagrams

Ray Tracing (Lenses)
Ray Tracing (Mirrors)

E.3.6: identify ways in which the properties of mirrors and lenses (both converging and diverging) determine their use in optical instruments (e.g., cameras, telescopes, binoculars, microscopes)

Laser Reflection
Ray Tracing (Lenses)
Ray Tracing (Mirrors)

E.3.7: identify the factors, in qualitative and quantitative terms, that affect the refraction of light as it passes from one medium to another

Basic Prism
Ray Tracing (Lenses)
Refraction