2: Measurement and Trigonometry

2.1: Overall Expectations

2.1.1: use their knowledge of ratio and proportion to investigate similar triangles and solve problems related to similarity;

Perimeters and Areas of Similar Figures
Similar Polygons

2.1.2: solve problems involving right triangles, using the primary trigonometric ratios and the Pythagorean theorem;

Distance Formula - Activity A
Geoboard: The Pythagorean Theorem
Pythagorean Theorem - Activity A
Pythagorean Theorem - Activity B
Sine and Cosine Ratios - Activity A
Sine, Cosine and Tangent
Tangent Ratio

2.1.3: solve problems involving the surface areas and volumes of three-dimensional figures, and use the imperial and metric systems of measurement.

Prisms and Cylinders - Activity A
Surface and Lateral Area of Prisms and Cylinders

2.2: Solving Problems Involving Similar Triangles

2.2.1: verify, through investigation (e.g., using dynamic geometry software, concrete materials), properties of similar triangles (e.g., given similar triangles, verify the equality of corresponding angles and the proportionality of corresponding sides);

Perimeters and Areas of Similar Figures
Similar Figures - Activity A
Similar Polygons

2.2.2: determine the lengths of sides of similar triangles, using proportional reasoning;

Isosceles and Equilateral Triangles
Perimeters and Areas of Similar Figures
Similar Figures - Activity A
Similar Polygons
Triangle Angle Sum - Activity A

2.2.3: solve problems involving similar triangles in realistic situations (e.g., shadows, reflections, scale models, surveying) (Sample problem: Use a metre stick to determine the height of a tree, by means of the similar triangles formed by the tree, the metre stick, and their shadows.).

Perimeters and Areas of Similar Figures
Reflections
Rotations, Reflections and Translations
Similar Figures - Activity A
Similar Polygons

2.3: Solving Problems Involving the Trigonometry of Right Triangles

2.3.1: determine, through investigation (e.g., using dynamic geometry software, concrete materials), the relationship between the ratio of two sides in a right triangle and the ratio of the two corresponding sides in a similar right triangle, and define the sine, cosine, and tangent ratios (e.g., sin A = opposite/hypotenuse);

Sine Function
Sine and Cosine Ratios - Activity A
Sine, Cosine and Tangent
Tangent Ratio

2.3.2: determine the measures of the sides and angles in right triangles, using the primary trigonometric ratios and the Pythagorean theorem;

Distance Formula - Activity A
Geoboard: The Pythagorean Theorem
Pythagorean Theorem - Activity A
Pythagorean Theorem - Activity B
Sine and Cosine Ratios - Activity A
Sine, Cosine and Tangent
Tangent Ratio
Triangle Angle Sum - Activity A

2.3.3: solve problems involving the measures of sides and angles in right triangles in reallife applications (e.g., in surveying, in navigation, in determining the height of an inaccessible object around the school), using the primary trigonometric ratios and the Pythagorean theorem (Sample problem: Build a kite, using imperial measurements, create a clinometer to determine the angle of elevation when the kite is flown, and use the tangent ratio to calculate the height attained.);

Distance Formula - Activity A
Geoboard: The Pythagorean Theorem
Pythagorean Theorem - Activity A
Pythagorean Theorem - Activity B
Sine and Cosine Ratios - Activity A
Sine, Cosine and Tangent
Tangent Ratio

2.3.4: solve problems involving the measures of sides and angles in right triangles in reallife applications (e.g., in surveying, in navigation, in determining the height of an inaccessible object around the school), using the primary trigonometric ratios and the Pythagorean theorem (Sample problem: Build a kite, using imperial measurements, create a clinometer to determine the angle of elevation when the kite is flown, and use the tangent ratio to calculate the height attained.);

Distance Formula - Activity A
Geoboard: The Pythagorean Theorem
Pythagorean Theorem - Activity A
Pythagorean Theorem - Activity B
Sine and Cosine Ratios - Activity A
Sine, Cosine and Tangent
Tangent Ratio

2.4: Solving Problems Involving Surface Area and Volume, Using Imperial and Metric Systems of Measurement

2.4.3: determine, through investigation, the relationship for calculating the surface area of a pyramid (e.g., use the net of a squarebased pyramid to determine that the surface area is the area of the square base plus the areas of the four congruent triangles);

Surface and Lateral Area of Prisms and Cylinders
Surface and Lateral Area of Pyramids and Cones

2.4.4: solve problems involving the surface areas of prisms, pyramids, and cylinders, and the volumes of prisms, pyramids, cylinders, cones, and spheres, including problems involving combinations of these figures, using the metric system or the imperial system, as appropriate (Sample problem: How many cubic yards of concrete are required to pour a concrete pad measuring 10 feet by 10 feet by 1 foot? If poured concrete costs $110 per cubic yard, how much does it cost to pour a concrete driveway requiring 6 pads?).

Prisms and Cylinders - Activity A
Pyramids and Cones - Activity A

3: Modelling Linear Relations

3.1: Overall Expectations

3.1.1: manipulate and solve algebraic equations, as needed to solve problems;

Modeling and Solving Two-Step Equations
Solving Two-Step Equations

3.1.2: graph a line and write the equation of a line from given information;

Defining a Line with Two Points
Point-Slope Form of a Line - Activity A
Slope-Intercept Form of a Line - Activity A
Standard Form of a Line

3.1.3: solve systems of two linear equations, and solve related problems that arise from realistic situations.

Solving Linear Systems by Graphing
Special Types of Solutions to Linear Systems
Systems of Linear Equations - Activity A

3.2: Manipulating and Solving Algebraic Equations

3.2.1: solve first-degree equations involving one variable, including equations with fractional coefficients (e.g. using the balance analogy, computer algebra systems, paper and pencil) (Sample problem: Solve x/2 + 4 = 3x - 1 and verify.);

Modeling and Solving Two-Step Equations
Solving Two-Step Equations

3.2.3: express the equation of a line in the form y = mx + b, given the form Ax + By + C = 0.

Defining a Line with Two Points
Slope-Intercept Form of a Line - Activity A
Using Tables, Rules and Graphs

3.3: Graphing and Writing Equations of Lines

3.3.1: connect the rate of change of a linear relation to the slope of the line, and define the slope as the ratio m = rise/run;

Direct Variation
Direct and Inverse Variation
Distance-Time Graphs
Distance-Time and Velocity-Time Graphs

3.3.2: identify, through investigation, y = mx + b as a common form for the equation of a straight line, and identify the special cases x = a, y = b;

Defining a Line with Two Points
Slope-Intercept Form of a Line - Activity A
Using Tables, Rules and Graphs

3.3.3: identify, through investigation with technology, the geometric significance of m and b in the equation y = mx + b;

Defining a Line with Two Points
Point-Slope Form of a Line - Activity A
Slope - Activity B
Slope-Intercept Form of a Line - Activity A
Using Tables, Rules and Graphs

3.3.4: identify, through investigation, properties of the slopes of lines and line segments (e.g., direction, positive or negative rate of change, steepness, parallelism), using graphing technology to facilitate investigations, where appropriate;

Direct Variation
Direct and Inverse Variation
Distance-Time Graphs
Point-Slope Form of a Line - Activity A
Slope - Activity B
Slope-Intercept Form of a Line - Activity A

3.3.5: graph lines by hand, using a variety of techniques (e.g., graph y = 2/3x - 4 using the y-intercept and slope; graph 2x + 3y = 6 using the x- and y-intercepts);

Defining a Line with Two Points
Point-Slope Form of a Line - Activity A
Slope - Activity B
Slope-Intercept Form of a Line - Activity A
Standard Form of a Line

3.3.6: determine the equation of a line, given its graph, the slope and y-intercept, the slope and a point on the line, or two points on the line.

Defining a Line with Two Points
Point-Slope Form of a Line - Activity A
Slope - Activity B
Slope-Intercept Form of a Line - Activity A
Using Tables, Rules and Graphs

3.4: Solving and Interpreting Systems of Linear Equations

3.4.1: determine graphically the point of intersection of two linear relations (e.g., using graph paper, using technology) (Sample problem: Determine the point of intersection of y + 2x = -5 and y = 2/3x + 3 using an appropriate graphing technique, and verify.);

Linear Functions
Modeling Linear Systems - Activity A
Point-Slope Form of a Line - Activity A
Slope-Intercept Form of a Line - Activity A
Using Tables, Rules and Graphs

3.4.2: solve systems of two linear equations involving two variables with integral coefficients, using the algebraic method of substitution or elimination (Sample problem: Solve y = 2x + 1, 3x + 2y = 16 for x and y algebraically, and verify algebraically and graphically.);

Modeling Linear Systems - Activity A
Solving Linear Systems by Graphing
Special Types of Solutions to Linear Systems
Systems of Linear Equations - Activity A

3.4.3: solve problems that arise from realistic situations described in words or represented by given linear systems of two equations involving two variables, by choosing an appropriate algebraic or graphical method (Sample problem: Maria has been hired by Company A with an annual salary, S dollars, given by S = 32 500 + 500a, where a represents the number of years she has been employed by this company. Ruth has been hired by Company B with an annual salary, S dollars, given by S = 28 000 + 1000a, where a represents the number of years she has been employed by that company. Describe what the solution of this system would represent in terms of Maria's salary and Ruth's salary. After how many years will their salaries be the same? What will their salaries be at that time?).

Modeling Linear Systems - Activity A
Solving Linear Systems by Graphing
Special Types of Solutions to Linear Systems
Systems of Linear Equations - Activity A

4: Quadratic Relations of the Form y = ax² + bx + c

4.1: Overall Expectations

4.1.1: manipulate algebraic expressions, as needed to understand quadratic relations;

Quadratic and Absolute Value Functions
Quadratics in Factored Form
Quadratics in Polynomial Form - Activity A
Roots of a Quadratic

4.1.2: identify characteristics of quadratic relations;

Parabolas - Activity A
Polynomials and Linear Factors
Quadratic and Absolute Value Functions
Quadratics in Factored Form
Quadratics in Polynomial Form - Activity A
Roots of a Quadratic

4.1.3: solve problems by interpreting graphs of quadratic relations.

Quadratic and Absolute Value Functions
Quadratics in Factored Form
Quadratics in Polynomial Form - Activity A
Roots of a Quadratic

4.2: Manipulating Quadratic Expressions

4.2.1: expand and simplify second-degree polynomial expressions involving one variable that consist of the product of two binomials [e.g., (2x + 3)(x + 4)] or the square of a binomial [e.g., (x + 3)²], using a variety of tools (e.g., algebra tiles, diagrams, computer algebra systems, paper and pencil) and strategies (e.g. patterning);

Addition of Polynomials - Activity A

4.2.2: factor binomials (e.g., 4x² + 8x) and trinomials (e.g., 3x² + 9x - 15) involving one variable up to degree two, by determining a common factor using a variety of tools (e.g., algebra tiles, computer algebra systems, paper and pencil) and strategies (e.g., patterning);

Factoring Special Products
Modeling the Factorization of ax²+bx+c
Modeling the Factorization of x²+bx+c

4.2.3: factor simple trinomials of the form x² + bx + c (e.g., x² + 7x + 10, x² + 2x - 8), using a variety of tools (e.g., algebra tiles, computer algebra systems, paper and pencil) and strategies (e.g., patterning);

Factoring Special Products
Modeling the Factorization of ax²+bx+c
Modeling the Factorization of x²+bx+c

4.2.4: factor simple trinomials of the form x² + bx + c (e.g., x² + 7x + 10, x² + 2x - 8), using a variety of tools (e.g., algebra tiles, computer algebra systems, paper and pencil) and strategies (e.g., patterning);

Factoring Special Products
Modeling the Factorization of ax²+bx+c
Modeling the Factorization of x²+bx+c

4.3: Identifying Characteristics of Quadratic Relations

4.3.1: collect data that can be represented as a quadratic relation, from experiments using appropriate equipment and technology (e.g., concrete materials, scientific probes, graphing calculators), or from secondary sources (e.g., the Internet, Statistics Canada); graph the data and draw a curve of best fit, if appropriate,with or without the use of technology (Sample problem: Make a 1 m ramp that makes a 15° angle with the floor. Place a can 30 cm up the ramp. Record the time it takes for the can to roll to the bottom. Repeat by placing the can 40 cm, 50 cm, and 60 cm up the ramp, and so on. Graph the data and draw the curve of best fit.);

Parabolas - Activity A
Quadratic and Absolute Value Functions
Quadratics in Factored Form
Quadratics in Polynomial Form - Activity A
Roots of a Quadratic

4.3.2: determine, through investigation using technology, that a quadratic relation of the form y = ax² + bx + c (a "is not equal to" 0) can be graphically represented as a parabola, and determine that the table of values yields a constant second difference (Sample problem: Graph the quadratic relation y = x² - 4, using technology. Observe the shape of the graph. Consider the corresponding table of values, and calculate the first and second differences. Repeat for a different quadratic relation. Describe your observations and make conclusions.);

Parabolas - Activity A
Quadratic and Absolute Value Functions
Quadratics in Factored Form
Quadratics in Polynomial Form - Activity A
Roots of a Quadratic

4.3.3: identify the key features of a graph of a parabola (i.e., the equation of the axis of symmetry, the coordinates of the vertex, the y-intercept, the zeros, and the maximum or minimum value), using a given graph or a graph generated with technology from its equation, and use the appropriate terminology to describe the features;

Parabolas - Activity A
Polynomials and Linear Factors
Quadratics in Factored Form

4.3.4: compare, through investigation using technology, the graphical representations of a quadratic relation in the form y = x² + bx + c and the same relation in the factored form y = (x - r)(x - s) (i.e., the graphs are the same), and describe the connections between each algebraic representation and the graph [e.g., the y-intercept is c in the form y = x² + bx + c; the x-intercepts are r and s in the form y = (x - r)(x - s)] (Sample problem: Use a graphing calculator to compare the graphs of y = x² + 2x - 8 and y = (x + 4)(x - 2). In what way(s) are the equations related? What information about the graph can you identify by looking at each equation? Make some conclusions from your observations, and check your conclusions with a different quadratic equation.).

Parabolas - Activity A
Polynomials and Linear Factors
Quadratics in Factored Form
Roots of a Quadratic

4.4: Solving Problems by Interpreting Graphs of Quadratic Relations

4.4.1: solve problems involving a quadratic relation by interpreting a given graph or a graph generated with technology from its equation (e.g., given an equation representing the height of a ball over elapsed time, use a graphing calculator or graphing software to graph the relation, and answer questions such as the following: What is the maximum height of the ball? After what length of time will the ball hit the ground? Over what time interval is the height of the ball greater than 3 m?);

Parabolas - Activity A
Quadratic and Absolute Value Functions
Quadratics in Factored Form
Quadratics in Polynomial Form - Activity A
Roots of a Quadratic

4.4.2: solve problems by interpreting the significance of the key features of graphs obtained by collecting experimental data involving quadratic relations (Sample problem: Roll a can up a ramp. Using a motion detector and a graphing calculator, record the motion of the can until it returns to its starting position, graph the distance from the starting position versus time, and draw the curve of best fit. Interpret the meanings of the vertex and the intercepts in terms of the experiment. Predict how the graph would change if you gave the can a harder push.Test your prediction.).

Parabolas - Activity A
Quadratic and Absolute Value Functions
Quadratics in Factored Form
Quadratics in Polynomial Form - Activity A
Roots of a Quadratic