2: Students know and understand common properties, forms, and changes in matter and energy.

2.1: Students know that matter has characteristic properties, which are related to its composition and structure.

2.1.b: describing and explaining properties and composition of samples of matter using models (for example, atomic and molecular structure, the periodic table);

Bohr Model of Hydrogen
Bohr Model: Introduction
Electron Configuration

2.1.c: separating substances based on their chemical and physical properties (for example, color, solubility, chemical reactivity, melting point, boiling point);

Freezing Point of Salt Water
Solubility and Temperature

2.1.d: using word and chemical equations to relate observed changes in matter to its composition and structure.

Balancing Chemical Equations
Chemical Equation Balancing
Stoichiometry

2.2: Students know that energy appears in different forms, and can move (be transferred) and change (be transformed).

2.2.a: identifying, measuring, calculating, and analyzing quantitative relationships involved with energy forms (for example, heat transfer in a system involving mass, specific heat, and change in temperature of matter);

Calorimetry Lab

2.2.b: identifying, measuring, calculating, and analyzing qualitative and quantitative relationships associated with energy transfer or energy transformation (for example, changes in temperature, velocity, potential energy, kinetic energy, conduction, convection, radiation, voltage, current).

Inclined Plane - Rolling Objects

2.3: Students understand that interactions can produce changes in a system, although the total quantities of matter and energy remain unchanged.

2.3.a: identifying, describing, and explaining physical and chemical changes involving the conservation of matter and energy (for example, oscillating pendulum/spring, chemical reactions, nuclear reactions);

Simple Harmonic Motion

2.3.b: observing, measuring, and calculating quantities to demonstrate conservation of matter and energy in chemical changes (for example, acid-base, precipitation, oxidation- reduction reactions), and physical interactions of matter (for example, force, work, power);

Freezing Point of Salt Water

2.3.c: describing and predicting chemical changes (for example, combustion, simple chemical reactions), and physical interactions of matter (for example, velocity, force, work, power), using word or symbolic equations;

Balancing Chemical Equations
Chemical Equation Balancing

2.3.d: describing and explaining physical interactions of matter using conceptual models (for example, conservation laws of matter and energy, particle model for gaseous behavior).

Freezing Point of Salt Water

3: Students know and understand the characteristics and structure of living things, the processes of life, and how living things interact with each other and their environment.

3.1: Students know and understand the characteristics of living things, the diversity of life, and how living things interact with each other and with their environment.

3.1.b: predicting and describing the interactions of populations and ecosystems;

Food Chain

3.1.c: explaining how adaptations (for example, structure, behavior) of an organism determine its niche (role) in the environment;

Evolution: Mutation and Selection
Natural Selection

3.2: Students know and understand interrelationships of matter and energy in living systems.

3.2.a: comparing and contrasting the processes of photosynthesis and respiration (for example, in terms of energy and products);

Cell Energy Cycle
Interdependence of Plants and Animals
Photosynthesis Lab

3.3: Students know and understand how the human body functions, factors that influence its structures and functions, and how these structures and functions compare with those of other organisms.

3.3.a: describing cellular organelles and their function (for example, the relationship of ribosomes to protein synthesis; the relationship of mitochondria to energy transformation);

Cell Energy Cycle
Cell Structure
Paramecium Homeostasis
Photosynthesis Lab
RNA and Protein Synthesis

3.3.b: differentiating among levels of organization (cells, tissues, and organs) and their roles within the whole organism;

Cell Structure

3.3.c: explaining human body functions in terms of interacting organ systems composed of specialized structures that maintain or restore health (for example, mechanisms involved in homeostasis [balance], such as feedback in the endocrine system);

Human Homeostasis
Paramecium Homeostasis

3.3.e: using examples to explain the relationship of structure and function in organisms;

Paramecium Homeostasis

3.4: Students know and understand how organisms change over time in terms of biological evolution and genetics.

3.4.a: comparing and contrasting the purpose and process of cell division (mitosis) with the production of sex cells (meiosis);

Cell Division

3.4.b: giving examples to show how some traits can be inherited while others are due to the interaction of genes and the environment (for example, skin cancer triggered by over- exposure to sunlight or contact with chemical carcinogens);

Evolution: Mutation and Selection
Microevolution
Natural Selection

3.4.c: describing how DNA serves as the vehicle for genetic continuity and the source of genetic diversity upon which natural selection can act;

Evolution: Mutation and Selection
Microevolution

3.4.d: describing how mutation, natural selection, and reproductive isolation can lead to new species and explain the planet's biodiversity;

Evolution: Mutation and Selection
Natural Selection

3.4.e: explaining why variation within a population improves the chances that the species will survive under new environmental conditions;

Microevolution

3.4.f: describing the general structure and function of the gene (DNA) and its role in heredity and protein synthesis (for example, replication of DNA and the role of RNA in protein synthesis);

Human Karyotyping
RNA and Protein Synthesis

3.4.g: calculating the probability that an individual will inherit a particular single gene trait (for example, calculating the probability of offspring inheriting cystic fibrosis when both parents are carriers for the disease).

Evolution: Mutation and Selection
Microevolution
Natural Selection

4: Students know and understand the processes and interactions of Earth's systems and the structure and dynamics of Earth and other objects in space.

4.1: Students know and understand the composition of Earth, its history, and the natural processes that shape it.

4.1.b: using the theory of plate tectonics to explain relationships among earthquakes, volcanoes, mid- ocean ridges, and deep-sea trenches;

Plate Tectonics

4.1.c: using evidence (for example, fossils, rock layers, ice cores, radiometric dating) to investigate how Earth has changed or remained constant over short and long periods of time (for example, Mount St. Helens' eruption);

Half-life
Human Evolution - Skull Analysis

4.2: Students know and understand the general characteristics of the atmosphere and fundamental processes of weather.

4.2.b: explaining and analyzing general weather patterns by collecting, plotting, and interpreting data;

Coastal Winds and Clouds

4.2.c: describing how energy transfer within the atmosphere influences weather (for example, the role of conduction, radiation, convection, and heat of condensation in clouds, precipitation, winds, storms);

Coastal Winds and Clouds

4.2.e: describing and explaining factors that may influence weather and climate (for example, proximity to oceans, prevailing winds, fossil fuel burning, volcanic eruptions).

Coastal Winds and Clouds
Seasons Around the World
Seasons in 3D
Seasons: Earth, Moon, and Sun
Seasons: Why do we have them?
Weather Maps

4.3: Students know major sources of water, its uses, importance, and cyclic patterns of movement through the environment.

4.3.b: identifying and analyzing the costs, benefits, and consequences of using water resources;

Water Cycle
Water Pollution

4.4: Students know the structure of the solar system, composition and interactions of objects in the universe, and how space is explored.

4.4.a: explaining the causes of and modeling the varied lengths of days, seasons, and phases of the Moon;

Moon Phases
Moonrise, Moonset, and Phases
Seasons Around the World
Seasons in 3D
Seasons: Earth, Moon, and Sun
Seasons: Why do we have them?

4.4.b: describing the effect of gravitation on the motions observed in the solar system and beyond;

Gravitational Force
Orbital Motion - Kepler's Laws
Tides

4.4.d: comparing the Sun with other stars (for example, size, color, temperature);

H-R Diagram