CB: Cell Biology

CB.1: All living organisms are composed of cells, from just one to many trillions, whose details usually are visible only through a microscope. As a basis for understanding this concept:

CB.1.a: Students know cells function similarly in all living organisms.

Paramecium Homeostasis

CB.1.b: Students know the characteristics that distinguish plant cells from animal cells, including chloroplasts and cell walls.

Cell Structure

CB.1.c: Students know the nucleus is the repository for genetic information in plant and animal cells.

RNA and Protein Synthesis

CB.1.d: Students know that mitochondria liberate energy for the work that cells do and that chloroplasts capture sunlight energy for photosynthesis.

Cell Energy Cycle
Cell Structure

CB.1.e: Students know cells divide to increase their numbers through a process of mitosis, which results in two daughter cells with identical sets of chromosomes.

Cell Division

G: Genetics

G.2: A typical cell of any organism contains genetic instructions that specify its traits. Those traits may be modified by environmental influences. As a basis for under-standing this concept:

G.2.b: Students know sexual reproduction produces offspring that inherit half their genes from each parent.

Inheritance
Mouse Genetics (One Trait)
Mouse Genetics (Two Traits)

G.2.c: Students know an inherited trait can be determined by one or more genes.

Mouse Genetics (One Trait)
Mouse Genetics (Two Traits)

G.2.d: Students know plant and animal cells contain many thousands of different genes and typically have two copies of every gene. The two copies (or alleles) of the gene may or may not be identical, and one may be dominant in determining the phenotype while the other is recessive.

Chicken Genetics
Inheritance
Mouse Genetics (One Trait)
Mouse Genetics (Two Traits)

G.2.e: Students know DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is the genetic material of living organisms and is located in the chromosomes of each cell.

Human Karyotyping
Mouse Genetics (One Trait)
Mouse Genetics (Two Traits)

E: Evolution

E.3: Biological evolution accounts for the diversity of species developed through gradual processes over many generations. As a basis for understanding this concept:

E.3.a: Students know both genetic variation and environmental factors are causes of evolution and diversity of organisms.

Evolution: Mutation and Selection

E.3.b: Students know the reasoning used by Charles Darwin in reaching his conclusion that natural selection is the mechanism of evolution.

Rainfall and Bird Beaks

E.3.c: Students know how independent lines of evidence from geology, fossils, and comparative anatomy provide the bases for the theory of evolution.

Human Evolution - Skull Analysis

EL: Earth and Life History (Earth Science)

EL.4: Evidence from rocks allows us to understand the evolution of life on Earth. As a basis for understanding this concept:

EL.4.c: Students know that the rock cycle includes the formation of new sediment and rocks and that rocks are often found in layers, with the oldest generally on the bottom.

Rock Cycle

EL.4.e: Students know fossils provide evidence of how life and environmental conditions have changed.

Human Evolution - Skull Analysis

ST: Structure and Function in Living Systems

ST.5: The anatomy and physiology of plants and animals illustrate the complementary nature of structure and function. As a basis for understanding this concept:

ST.5.a: Students know plants and animals have levels of organization for structure and function, including cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and the whole organism.

Cell Structure
Circulatory System
Digestive System
Paramecium Homeostasis
Pollination: Flower to Fruit

ST.5.b: Students know organ systems function because of the contributions of individual organs, tissues, and cells. The failure of any part can affect the entire system.

Circulatory System
Digestive System

ST.5.f: Students know the structures and processes by which flowering plants generate pollen, ovules, seeds, and fruit.

Pollination: Flower to Fruit

PP: Physical Principles in Living Systems (Physical Science)

PP.6: Physical principles underlie biological structures and functions. As a basis for understanding this concept:

PP.6.a: Students know visible light is a small band within a very broad electromagnetic spectrum.

Herschel Experiment

PP.6.c: Students know light travels in straight lines if the medium it travels through does not change.

Basic Prism
Refraction

PP.6.d: Students know how simple lenses are used in a magnifying glass, the eye, a camera, a telescope, and a microscope.

Ray Tracing (Lenses)

PP.6.e: Students know that white light is a mixture of many wavelengths (colors) and that retinal cells react differently to different wavelengths.

Basic Prism

PP.6.f: Students know light can be reflected, refracted, transmitted, and absorbed by matter.

Basic Prism
Color Absorption
Heat Absorption
Refraction

PP.6.g: Students know the angle of reflection of a light beam is equal to the angle of incidence.

Laser Reflection

PP.6.i: Students know how levers confer mechanical advantage and how the application of this principle applies to the musculoskeletal system.

Levers

PP.6.j: Students know that contractions of the heart generate blood pressure and that heart valves prevent backflow of blood in the circulatory system.

Circulatory System