ES.3: The student will investigate and understand how to read and interpret maps, globes, models, charts, and imagery.

ES.3.a: maps (bathymetric, geologic, topographic, and weather) and star charts;

Building Topographical Maps
Hurricane Motion
Ocean Mapping
Reading Topographical Maps
Weather Maps

ES.3.d: location by latitude and longitude and topographic profiles.

Building Topographical Maps
Ocean Mapping
Reading Topographical Maps

ES.4: The student will investigate and understand the characteristics of the Earth and the solar system.

ES.4.b: sun-Earth-moon relationships (seasons, tides, and eclipses);

2D Eclipse
3D Eclipse
Seasons Around the World
Seasons in 3D
Seasons: Earth, Moon, and Sun
Seasons: Why do we have them?
Tides

ES.4.c: characteristics of the sun, planets, their moons, comets, meteors, and asteroids; and

Solar System Explorer

ES.4.d: the history and contributions of the space program.

Solar System Explorer

ES.5: The student will investigate and understand how to identify major rock-forming and ore minerals based on physical and chemical properties.

ES.5.b: uses of minerals.

Rock Classification

ES.6: The student will investigate and understand how to identify common rock types based on mineral composition and textures and the rock cycle as it relates to the origin and transformation of rock types.

ES.6.a: igneous (intrusive and extrusive);

Rock Classification
Rock Cycle

ES.6.b: sedimentary (clastic and chemical); and

Rock Classification
Rock Cycle

ES.6.c: metamorphic (foliated and unfoliated) rocks.

Rock Classification
Rock Cycle

ES.7: The student will investigate and understand the differences between renewable and nonrenewable resources.

ES.7.a: fossil fuels, minerals, rocks, water, and vegetation;

Rock Classification

ES.7.d: making informed judgments related to resource use and its effects on Earth systems; and

Water Pollution

ES.8: The student will investigate and understand geologic processes including plate tectonics.

ES.8.b: processes (faulting, folding, volcanism, metamorphism, weathering, erosion, deposition, and sedimentation) and their resulting features; and

Plate Tectonics
Rock Cycle

ES.8.c: tectonic processes (subduction, rifting and sea floor spreading, and continental collision).

Plate Tectonics

ES.9: The student will investigate and understand how freshwater resources are influenced by geologic processes and the activities of humans.

ES.9.b: development of karst topography;

Building Topographical Maps
Reading Topographical Maps

ES.9.d: identification of other sources of fresh water including rivers, springs, and aquifers with reference to the hydrologic cycle;

Water Cycle

ES.9.e: dependence on freshwater resources and the effects of human usage on water quality; and

Water Pollution

ES.10: The student will investigate and understand that many aspects of the history and evolution of the Earth and life can be inferred by studying rocks and fossils.

ES.10.a: traces or remains of ancient, often extinct, life are preserved by various means in many sedimentary rocks;

Rock Classification
Rock Cycle

ES.10.b: superposition, cross-cutting relationships, index fossils, and radioactive decay are methods of dating bodies of rock;

Half-life

ES.10.d: rocks and fossils from many different geologic periods and epochs are found in Virginia.

Human Evolution - Skull Analysis

ES.11: The student will investigate and understand that oceans are complex, interactive physical, chemical, and biological systems and are subject to long- and short-term variations.

ES.11.a: physical and chemical changes (tides, waves, currents, sea level and ice cap variations, upwelling, and salinity concentrations);

Freezing Point of Salt Water
Tides

ES.11.d: features of the sea floor (continental margins, trenches, mid-ocean ridges, and abyssal plains) reflect tectonic processes; and

Plate Tectonics

ES.11.e: economic and public policy issues concerning the oceans and the coastal zone including the Chesapeake Bay.

Water Pollution

ES.13: The student will investigate and understand that energy transfer between the sun, Earth, and the Earth's atmosphere drives weather and climate on Earth.

ES.13.b: prediction of weather patterns;

Coastal Winds and Clouds

ES.13.c: severe weather occurrences such as tornadoes, hurricanes, and major storms; and

Hurricane Motion

ES.14: The student will investigate and understand scientific concepts related to the origin and evolution of the universe.

ES.14.b: the origin of stars and star systems;

H-R Diagram

ES.14.c: stellar evolution;

H-R Diagram

BIO.2: The student will investigate and understand the history of biological concepts.

BIO.2.b: scientific explanations of the development of organisms through time (biological evolution);

Human Evolution - Skull Analysis

BIO.2.c: evidence supporting the germ theory of infectious disease;

Disease Spread

BIO.3: The student will investigate and understand the chemical and biochemical principles essential for life.

BIO.3.a: water chemistry and its impact on life processes;

Cell Energy Cycle

BIO.3.d: the capture, storage, transformation, and flow of energy through the processes of photosynthesis and respiration.

Cell Energy Cycle
Interdependence of Plants and Animals
Photosynthesis Lab

BIO.4: The student will investigate and understand relationships between cell structure and function.

BIO.4.c: similarities between the activities of a single cell and a whole organism; and

Cell Structure
Paramecium Homeostasis

BIO.4.d: the cell membrane model (diffusion, osmosis, and active transport).

Diffusion
Osmosis

BIO.5: The student will investigate and understand life functions of archaebacteria, monerans (eubacteria), protists, fungi, plants, and animals, including humans.

BIO.5.a: how their structures and functions vary between and within the kingdoms;

Paramecium Homeostasis

BIO.5.b: comparison of their metabolic activities;

Cell Energy Cycle
Interdependence of Plants and Animals
Photosynthesis Lab

BIO.5.c: analyses of their responses to the environment;

Human Homeostasis

BIO.5.d: maintenance of homeostasis;

Human Homeostasis
Paramecium Homeostasis

BIO.5.f: how viruses compare with organisms.

Virus Life Cycle (Lytic)

BIO.6: The student will investigate and understand common mechanisms of inheritance and protein synthesis.

BIO.6.a: cell growth and division;

Cell Division

BIO.6.c: cell specialization;

Evolution: Mutation and Selection

BIO.6.d: prediction of inheritance of traits based on the Mendelian laws of heredity;

Evolution: Mutation and Selection
Microevolution
Natural Selection

BIO.6.e: genetic variation (mutation, recombination, deletions, additions to DNA);

Evolution: Mutation and Selection

BIO.6.f: the structure, function, and replication of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA);

Building DNA
RNA and Protein Synthesis
Virus Life Cycle (Lytic)

BIO.6.g: events involved in the construction of proteins;

RNA and Protein Synthesis

BIO.6.h: use, limitations, and misuse of genetic information; and

Chicken Genetics
Mouse Genetics (One Trait)
Mouse Genetics (Two Traits)

BIO.7: The student will investigate and understand bases for modern classification systems.

BIO.7.a: structural similarities in organisms;

Human Evolution - Skull Analysis

BIO.7.b: fossil record interpretation;

Human Evolution - Skull Analysis

BIO.7.d: examination of biochemical similarities and differences among organisms; and

Paramecium Homeostasis

BIO.8: The student will investigate and understand how populations change through time.

BIO.8.a: evidence found in fossil records;

Human Evolution - Skull Analysis

BIO.8.b: how genetic variation, reproductive strategies, and environmental pressures impact the survival of populations;

Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
Microevolution
Natural Selection

BIO.8.c: how natural selection leads to adaptations;

Evolution: Mutation and Selection
Natural Selection
Rainfall and Bird Beaks

BIO.8.e: scientific explanations for biological evolution.

Human Evolution - Skull Analysis

BIO.9: The student will investigate and understand dynamic equilibria within populations, communities, and ecosystems.

BIO.9.a: interactions within and among populations including carrying capacities, limiting factors, and growth curves;

Rabbit Population by Season

BIO.9.b: nutrient cycling with energy flow through ecosystems;

Food Chain

CH.2: The student will investigate and understand that the placement of elements on the periodic table is a function of their atomic structure. The periodic table is a tool used for the investigations of

CH.2.a: average atomic mass, mass number, and atomic number;

Electron Configuration
Element Builder
Nuclear Decay

CH.2.b: isotopes, half lives, and radioactive decay;

Element Builder
Half-life

CH.2.c: characteristics of subatomic particles as to mass and charge;

Element Builder

CH.2.d: families or groups;

Covalent Bonds
Electron Configuration
Ionic Bonds

CH.2.e: series and periods;

Electron Configuration

CH.2.f: trends including atomic radii, electronegativity, shielding effect, and ionization energy;

Electron Configuration

CH.2.g: electron configurations, valence electrons, and oxidation numbers;

Covalent Bonds
Dehydration Synthesis
Electron Configuration
Element Builder
Ionic Bonds

CH.3: The student will investigate and understand how conservation of energy and matter is expressed in chemical formulas and balanced equations.

CH.3.b: balancing chemical equations;

Balancing Chemical Equations
Chemical Equation Balancing

CH.3.d: bonding types (ionic, covalent);

Covalent Bonds
Ionic Bonds

CH.3.e: reaction types (synthesis, decomposition, single and double replacement, oxidation-reduction, neutralization, exothermic and endothermic); and

Balancing Chemical Equations

CH.3.f: reaction rates and kinetics (activation energy, catalysis, degree of randomness).

Collision Theory

CH.4: The student will investigate and understand that quantities in a chemical reaction are based on molar relationships.

CH.4.b: stoichiometric relationships;

Stoichiometry

CH.4.d: gas laws;

Boyle's Law and Charles' Law

CH.4.e: solution concentrations;

Colligative Properties

CH.5: The student will investigate and understand that the phases of matter are explained by kinetic theory and forces of attraction between particles.

CH.5.a: pressure, temperature, and volume;

Boyle's Law and Charles' Law

CH.5.b: vapor pressure;

Colligative Properties

CH.5.c: phase changes;

Freezing Point of Salt Water
Phase Changes

CH.5.d: molar heats of fusion and vaporization;

Calorimetry Lab
Phase Changes

CH.5.e: specific heat capacity; and

Calorimetry Lab

CH.5.f: colligative properties.

Colligative Properties
Freezing Point of Salt Water

PH.2: The student will investigate and understand how to analyze and interpret data.

PH.2.c: the slope of a linear relationship is calculated and includes appropriate units;

Determining a Spring Constant
Direct and Inverse Variation
Slope - Activity B

PH.2.e: analysis of systems employs vector quantities utilizing trigonometric and graphical methods.

Atwood Machine

PH.5: The student will investigate and understand the interrelationships among mass, distance, force, and time through mathematical and experimental processes.

PH.5.a: linear motion;

Atwood Machine
Distance-Time Graphs
Distance-Time and Velocity-Time Graphs
Fan Cart Physics
Inclined Plane - Sliding Objects

PH.5.b: uniform circular motion;

Uniform Circular Motion

PH.5.c: projectile motion;

Golf Range!

PH.5.d: Newton's laws of motion;

2D Collisions
Air Track
Atwood Machine
Fan Cart Physics
Uniform Circular Motion

PH.5.e: gravitation;

Atwood Machine
Freefall Laboratory
Gravitational Force
Inclined Plane - Sliding Objects

PH.5.f: planetary motion; and

Orbital Motion - Kepler's Laws
Solar System Explorer

PH.5.g: work, power, and energy.

Inclined Plane - Simple Machine
Pulley Lab

PH.6: The student will investigate and understand that quantities including mass, energy, momentum, and charge are conserved.

PH.6.a: kinetic and potential energy;

Air Track
Energy of a Pendulum
Inclined Plane - Rolling Objects
Inclined Plane - Simple Machine
Inclined Plane - Sliding Objects
Period of a Pendulum
Potential Energy on Shelves
Roller Coaster Physics
Simple Harmonic Motion

PH.6.b: elastic and inelastic collisions; and

2D Collisions

PH.7: The student will investigate and understand properties of fluids.

PH.7.a: density and pressure;

Density Experiment: Slice and Dice
Density Laboratory
Density via Comparison
Determining Density via Water Displacement

PH.7.c: Archimedes' principle of buoyancy;

Density Laboratory
Density via Comparison
Determining Density via Water Displacement

PH.8: The student will investigate and understand that energy can be transferred and transformed to provide usable work.

PH.8.b: efficiency of systems.

Inclined Plane - Simple Machine

PH.9: The student will investigate and understand how to use models of transverse and longitudinal waves to interpret wave phenomena.

PH.9.a: wave characteristics (period, wavelength, frequency, amplitude and phase);

Earthquake - Determination of Epicenter
Photoelectric Effect
Sound Beats and Sine Waves

PH.9.b: fundamental wave processes (reflection, refraction, diffraction, interference, polarization, Doppler effect); and

Doppler Shift
Ray Tracing (Lenses)
Refraction

PH.9.c: light and sound in terms of wave models.

Sound Beats and Sine Waves

PH.10: The student will investigate and understand that different frequencies and wavelengths in the electromagnetic spectrum are phenomena ranging from radio waves through visible light to gamma radiation.

PH.10.a: the properties and behaviors of radio, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays, and gamma rays; and

Ray Tracing (Lenses)

PH.10.b: current applications based on the wave properties of each band.

Photoelectric Effect

PH.11: The student will investigate and understand how light behaves in the fundamental processes of reflection, refraction, and image formation in describing optical systems.

PH.11.a: application of the laws of reflection and refraction;

Laser Reflection
Ray Tracing (Lenses)
Refraction

PH.11.b: construction and interpretation of ray diagrams;

Ray Tracing (Lenses)
Ray Tracing (Mirrors)

PH.11.c: development and use of mirror and lens equations; and

Laser Reflection
Ray Tracing (Mirrors)

PH.11.d: predictions of type, size, and position of real and virtual images.

Laser Reflection
Ray Tracing (Mirrors)

PH.12: The student will investigate and understand how to use the field concept to describe the effects of gravitational, electric, and magnetic forces.

PH.12.a: inverse square laws (Newton’s law of universal gravitation and Coulomb’s law); and

2D Collisions
Air Track
Coulomb Force (Static)
Gravitational Force
Orbital Motion - Kepler's Laws
Pith Ball Lab
Tides

PH.13: The student will investigate and understand how to diagram and construct basic electrical circuits and explain the function of various circuit components.

PH.13.a: Ohm’s law;

Advanced Circuits

PH.13.b: series, parallel, and combined circuits; and

Advanced Circuits
Circuits

PH.13.c: circuit components including resistors, batteries, generators, fuses, switches, and capacitors.

Advanced Circuits
Circuits

PH.14: The student will investigate and understand that extremely large and extremely small quantities are not necessarily described by the same laws as those studied in Newtonian physics.

PH.14.a: wave/particle duality;

Bohr Model of Hydrogen
Bohr Model: Introduction
Photoelectric Effect
Ray Tracing (Lenses)
Refraction

PH.14.f: nuclear physics;

Nuclear Decay

PH.14.i: radioactivity.

Half-life