PS-2: The student will demonstrate an understanding of the structure and properties of atoms.

PS-2.1: Compare the subatomic particles (protons, neutrons, electrons) of an atom with regard to mass, location, and charge, and explain how these particles affect the properties of an atom (including identity, mass, volume, and reactivity).

Electron Configuration
Element Builder
Nuclear Decay

PS-2.2: Illustrate the fact that the atoms of elements exist as stable or unstable isotopes.

Element Builder

PS-2.3: Explain the trends of the periodic table based on the elements' valence electrons and atomic numbers.

Covalent Bonds
Dehydration Synthesis
Electron Configuration
Element Builder
Ionic Bonds
Nuclear Decay

PS-2.4: Use the atomic number and the mass number to calculate the number of protons, neutrons, and/or electrons for a given isotope of an element.

Electron Configuration
Element Builder
Nuclear Decay

PS-2.5: Predict the charge that a representative element will acquire according to the arrangement of electrons in its outer energy level.

Bohr Model of Hydrogen
Bohr Model: Introduction
Electron Configuration

PS-2.7: Explain the consequences that the use of nuclear applications (including medical technologies, nuclear power plants, and nuclear weapons) can have.

Nuclear Decay

PS-3: The student will demonstrate an understanding of various properties and classifications of matter.

PS-3.1: Distinguish chemical properties of matter (including reactivity) from physical properties of matter (including boiling point, freezing/melting point, density [with density calculations], solubility, viscosity, and conductivity).

Density Experiment: Slice and Dice
Density Laboratory
Determining Density via Water Displacement
Freezing Point of Salt Water
Mystery Powder Analysis

PS-3.2: Infer the practical applications of organic and inorganic substances on the basis of their chemical and physical properties.

Dehydration Synthesis
Mystery Powder Analysis

PS-3.3: Illustrate the difference between a molecule and an atom.

Covalent Bonds
Dehydration Synthesis
Ionic Bonds
Limiting Reactants

PS-3.6: Compare the properties of the four states of matter-solid, liquid, gas, and plasma-in terms of the arrangement and movement of particles.

Freezing Point of Salt Water
Phase Changes

PS-3.7: Explain the processes of phase change in terms of temperature, heat transfer, and particle arrangement.

Calorimetry Lab
Phase Changes

PS-3.8: Classify various solutions as acids or bases according to their physical properties, chemical properties (including neutralization and reaction with metals), generalized formulas, and pH (using pH meters, or pH paper, and litmus paper).

Mystery Powder Analysis
pH Analysis
pH Analysis: Quad Color Indicator

PS-4: The student will demonstrate an understanding of chemical reactions and the classifications, structures, and properties of chemical compounds.

PS-4.1: Explain the role of bonding in achieving chemical stability.

Covalent Bonds

PS-4.2: Explain how the process of covalent bonding provides chemical stability through the sharing of electrons.

Covalent Bonds
Dehydration Synthesis
Electron Configuration

PS-4.3: Illustrate the fact that ions attract ions of opposite charge from all directions and form crystal lattices.

Coulomb Force (Static)
Pith Ball Lab

PS-4.5: Predict the ratio by which the representative elements combine to form binary ionic compounds, and represent that ratio in a chemical formula.

Stoichiometry

PS-4.6: Distinguish between chemical changes (including the formation of gas or reactivity with acids) and physical changes (including changes in size, shape, color, and/or phase).

Density Experiment: Slice and Dice
Freezing Point of Salt Water

PS-4.7: Summarize characteristics of balanced chemical equations (including conservation of mass and changes in energy in the form of heat-that is, exothermic or endothermic reactions).

Balancing Chemical Equations
Chemical Equation Balancing

PS-4.9: Apply a procedure to balance equations for a simple synthesis or decomposition reaction.

Balancing Chemical Equations
Chemical Equation Balancing
Dehydration Synthesis

PS-4.10: Recognize simple chemical equations (including single replacement and double replacement) as being balanced or not balanced.

Balancing Chemical Equations
Chemical Equation Balancing

PS-4.11: Explain the effects of temperature, concentration, surface area, and the presence of a catalyst on reaction rates.

Collision Theory

PS-5: The student will demonstrate an understanding of the nature of forces and motion.

PS-5.1: Explain the relationship among distance, time, direction, and the velocity of an object.

Atwood Machine
Distance-Time Graphs
Distance-Time and Velocity-Time Graphs
Uniform Circular Motion

PS-5.2: Use the formula v = d/t to solve problems related to average speed or velocity.

Distance-Time Graphs
Distance-Time and Velocity-Time Graphs

PS-5.3: Explain how changes in velocity and time affect the acceleration of an object.

Distance-Time Graphs
Fan Cart Physics
Freefall Laboratory
Inclined Plane - Sliding Objects
Uniform Circular Motion

PS-5.4: Use the formula a = (vf-vi)/t to determine the acceleration of an object.

Freefall Laboratory

PS-5.5: Explain how acceleration due to gravity affects the velocity of an object as it falls.

Atwood Machine
Freefall Laboratory
Golf Range!

PS-5.6: Represent the linear motion of objects on distance-time graphs.

Atwood Machine
Distance-Time Graphs
Distance-Time and Velocity-Time Graphs
Fan Cart Physics
Freefall Laboratory
Inclined Plane - Sliding Objects
Roller Coaster Physics

PS-5.7: Explain the motion of objects on the basis of Newton's three laws of motion: inertia; the relationship among force, mass, and acceleration; and action and reaction forces.

2D Collisions
Air Track
Atwood Machine
Fan Cart Physics
Period of Mass on a Spring
Uniform Circular Motion

PS-5.8: Use the formula F = ma to solve problems related to force.

Atwood Machine
Fan Cart Physics

PS-5.10: Explain how the gravitational force between two objects is affected by the mass of each object and the distance between them.

Gravitational Force

PS-6: The student will demonstrate an understanding of the nature, conservation, and transformation of energy.

PS-6.1: Explain how the law of conservation of energy applies to the transformation of various forms of energy (including mechanical energy, electrical energy, chemical energy, light energy, sound energy, and thermal energy).

Energy Conversion in a System

PS-6.2: Explain the factors that determine potential and kinetic energy and the transformation of one to the other.

Energy Conversion in a System
Energy of a Pendulum
Inclined Plane - Rolling Objects
Inclined Plane - Simple Machine
Inclined Plane - Sliding Objects
Period of a Pendulum
Roller Coaster Physics
Simple Harmonic Motion

PS-6.3: Explain work in terms of the relationship among the force applied to an object, the displacement of the object, and the energy transferred to the object.

Calorimetry Lab
Inclined Plane - Simple Machine
Pulley Lab

PS-6.4: Use the formula W = Fd to solve problems related to work done on an object.

Inclined Plane - Simple Machine
Pulley Lab

PS-6.5: Explain how objects can acquire a static electric charge through friction, induction, and conduction.

Calorimetry Lab
Inclined Plane - Simple Machine
Roller Coaster Physics

PS-6.6: Explain the relationships among voltage, resistance, and current in Ohm's law.

Advanced Circuits
Circuits

PS-6.7: Use the formula V = IR to solve problems related to electric circuits.

Advanced Circuits
Circuits

PS-6.8: Represent an electric circuit by drawing a circuit diagram that includes the symbols for a resistor, switch, and voltage source.

Advanced Circuits
Circuits

PS-6.9: Compare the functioning of simple series and parallel electrical circuits.

Advanced Circuits
Circuits

PS-7: The student will demonstrate an understanding of the nature and properties of mechanical and electromagnetic waves.

PS-7.1: Illustrate ways that the energy of waves is transferred by interaction with matter (including transverse and longitudinal/compressional waves).

Photoelectric Effect

PS-7.2: Compare the nature and properties of transverse and longitudinal/compressional mechanical waves.

Earthquake - Recording Station

PS-7.3: Summarize characteristics of waves (including displacement, frequency, period, amplitude, wavelength, and velocity as well as the relationships among these characteristics).

Earthquake - Determination of Epicenter
Photoelectric Effect
Refraction
Sound Beats and Sine Waves

PS-7.6: Summarize reflection and interference of both sound and light waves and the refraction and diffraction of light waves.

Laser Reflection
Ray Tracing (Lenses)

PS-7.7: Explain the Doppler effect conceptually in terms of the frequency of the waves and the pitch of the sound.

Doppler Shift
Doppler Shift Advanced
Sound Beats and Sine Waves

B-2: The student will demonstrate an understanding of the structure and function of cells and their organelles.

B-2.2: Summarize the structures and functions of organelles found in a eukaryotic cell (including the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, lysosomes, vacuoles, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum [ER], Golgi apparatus, cilia, flagella, cell membrane, nuclear membrane, cell wall, and cytoplasm).

Cell Energy Cycle
Cell Structure
Paramecium Homeostasis
Photosynthesis Lab
RNA and Protein Synthesis

B-2.3: Compare the structures and organelles of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Cell Structure
Paramecium Homeostasis

B-2.5: Explain how active, passive, and facilitated transport serve to maintain the homeostasis of the cell.

Human Homeostasis
Osmosis
Paramecium Homeostasis

B-2.6: Summarize the characteristics of the cell cycle: interphase (called G1, S, G2); the phases of mitosis (called prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase); and plant and animal cytokinesis.

Cell Division

B-2.7: Summarize how cell regulation controls and coordinates cell growth and division and allows cells to respond to the environment, and recognize the consequences of uncontrolled cell division.

Cell Division

B-2.8: Explain the factors that affect the rates of biochemical reactions (including pH, temperature, and the role of enzymes as catalysts).

Collision Theory

B-3: The student will demonstrate an understanding of the flow of energy within and between living systems.

B-3.1: Summarize the overall process by which photosynthesis converts solar energy into chemical energy and interpret the chemical equation for the process.

Cell Energy Cycle
Interdependence of Plants and Animals
Photosynthesis Lab

B-3.2: Summarize the basic aerobic and anaerobic processes of cellular respiration and interpret the chemical equation for cellular respiration.

Cell Energy Cycle
Interdependence of Plants and Animals

B-3.3: Recognize the overall structure of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-namely, adenine, the sugar ribose, and three phosphate groups-and summarize its function (including the ATP-ADP [adenosine diphosphate] cycle).

Cell Energy Cycle

B-3.4: Summarize how the structures of organic molecules (including proteins, carbohydrates, and fats) are related to their relative caloric values.

Dehydration Synthesis

B-3.6: Illustrate the flow of energy through ecosystems (including food chains, food webs, energy pyramids, number pyramids, and biomass pyramids).

Food Chain

B-4: The student will demonstrate an understanding of the molecular basis of heredity.

B-4.1: Compare DNA and RNA in terms of structure, nucleotides, and base pairs.

Building DNA
RNA and Protein Synthesis

B-4.2: Summarize the relationship among DNA, genes, and chromosomes.

Building DNA
Cell Division
DNA Fingerprint Analysis
Human Karyotyping

B-4.3: Explain how DNA functions as the code of life and the blueprint for proteins.

RNA and Protein Synthesis

B-4.4: Summarize the basic processes involved in protein synthesis (including transcription and translation).

RNA and Protein Synthesis

B-4.6: Predict inherited traits by using the principles of Mendelian genetics (including segregation, independent assortment, and dominance).

Chicken Genetics
Human Karyotyping
Microevolution
Mouse Genetics (One Trait)
Mouse Genetics (Two Traits)
Natural Selection

B-4.7: Summarize the chromosome theory of inheritance and relate that theory to Gregor Mendel's principles of genetics.

Chicken Genetics
Evolution: Mutation and Selection
Human Karyotyping
Microevolution
Mouse Genetics (One Trait)
Mouse Genetics (Two Traits)
Natural Selection

B-4.8: Compare the consequences of mutations in body cells with those in gametes.

Evolution: Mutation and Selection

B-4.9: Exemplify ways that introduce new genetic characteristics into an organism or a population by applying the principles of modern genetics.

Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
Microevolution

B-5: The student will demonstrate an understanding of biological evolution and the diversity of life.

B-5.1: Summarize the process of natural selection.

Evolution: Mutation and Selection
Natural Selection

B-5.2: Explain how genetic processes result in the continuity of life-forms over time.

Chicken Genetics
Mouse Genetics (One Trait)
Mouse Genetics (Two Traits)

B-5.3: Explain how diversity within a species increases the chances of its survival.

Evolution: Mutation and Selection
Human Evolution - Skull Analysis
Natural Selection

B-5.4: Explain how genetic variability and environmental factors lead to biological evolution.

Human Evolution - Skull Analysis
Microevolution

B-5.6: Summarize ways that scientists use data from a variety of sources to investigate and critically analyze aspects of evolutionary theory.

Human Evolution - Skull Analysis

B-5.7: Use a phylogenetic tree to identify the evolutionary relationships among different groups of organisms.

Food Chain
Human Evolution - Skull Analysis
Interdependence of Plants and Animals

B-6: The student will demonstrate an understanding of the interrelationships among organisms and the biotic and abiotic components of their environments.

B-6.1: Explain how the interrelationships among organisms (including predation, competition, parasitism, mutualism, and commensalism) generate stability within ecosystems.

Food Chain

B-6.2: Explain how populations are affected by limiting factors (including density-dependent, density-independent, abiotic, and biotic factors).

Food Chain

B-6.4: Exemplify the role of organisms in the geochemical cycles (including the cycles of carbon, nitrogen, and water).

Water Cycle

B-6.6: Explain how human activities (including population growth, technology, and consumption of resources) affect the physical and chemical cycles and processes of Earth.

Water Pollution

C-2: Students will demonstrate an understanding of atomic structure and nuclear processes.

C-2.1: Illustrate electron configurations by using orbital notation for representative elements.

Bohr Model of Hydrogen
Bohr Model: Introduction
Covalent Bonds
Electron Configuration
Ionic Bonds

C-2.2: Summarize atomic properties (including electron configuration, ionization energy, electron affinity, atomic size, and ionic size).

Electron Configuration

C-2.3: Summarize the periodic table's property trends (including electron configuration, ionization energy, electron affinity, atomic size, ionic size, and reactivity).

Electron Configuration
Ionic Bonds

C-2.5: Compare alpha, beta, and gamma radiation in terms of mass, charge, penetrating power, and the release of these particles from the nucleus.

Nuclear Decay

C-2.6: Explain the concept of half-life, its use in determining the age of materials, and its significance to nuclear waste disposal.

Exponential Growth and Decay - Activity B
Half-life

C-2.7: Apply the predictable rate of nuclear decay (half-life) to determine the age of materials.

Exponential Growth and Decay - Activity B
Half-life

C-2.8: Analyze a decay series chart to determine the products of successive nuclear reactions and write nuclear equations for disintegration of specified nuclides.

Nuclear Decay

C-2.9: Use the equation E = mc2 to determine the amount of energy released during nuclear reactions.

Nuclear Decay

C-3: The student will demonstrate an understanding of the structures and classifications of chemical compounds.

C-3.1: Predict the type of bonding (ionic or covalent) and the shape of simple compounds by using Lewis dot structures and oxidation numbers.

Covalent Bonds

C-3.4: Explain the unique bonding characteristics of carbon that have resulted in the formation of a large variety of organic structures.

Dehydration Synthesis

C-3.8: Explain the effect of electronegativity and ionization energy on the type of bonding in a molecule.

Covalent Bonds
Dehydration Synthesis
Ionic Bonds

C-3.9: Classify polymerization reactions as addition or condensation.

Balancing Chemical Equations

C-3.10: Classify organic reactions as addition, elimination, or condensation.

Balancing Chemical Equations

C-4: The student will demonstrate an understanding of the types, the causes, and the effects of chemical reactions.

C-4.1: Analyze and balance equations for simple synthesis, decomposition, single replacement, double replacement, and combustion reactions.

Balancing Chemical Equations
Chemical Equation Balancing
Dehydration Synthesis

C-4.4: Apply the concept of moles to determine the number of particles of a substance in a chemical reaction, the percent composition of a representative compound, the mass proportions, and the mole-mass relationships.

Stoichiometry

C-4.5: Predict the percent yield, the mass of excess, and the limiting reagent in chemical reactions.

Limiting Reactants
Stoichiometry

C-4.6: Explain the role of activation energy and the effects of temperature, particle size, stirring, concentration, and catalysts in reaction rates.

Collision Theory

C-4.10: Explain the role of collision frequency, the energy of collisions, and the orientation of molecules in reaction rates.

2D Collisions
Collision Theory

C-5: The student will demonstrate an understanding of the structure and behavior of the different phases of matter.

C-5.1: Explain the effects of the intermolecular forces on the different phases of matter.

Phase Changes

C-5.2: Explain the behaviors of gas; the relationship among pressure, volume, and temperature; and the significance of the Kelvin (absolute temperature) scale, using the kinetic-molecular theory as a model.

Temperature and Particle Motion

C-5.3: Apply the gas laws to problems concerning changes in pressure, volume, or temperature (including Charles's law, Boyle's law, and the combined gas law).

Boyle's Law and Charles' Law

C-5.4: Illustrate and interpret heating and cooling curves (including how boiling and melting points can be identified and how boiling points vary with changes in pressure).

Calorimetry Lab
Phase Changes

C-5.5: Analyze the energy changes involved in calorimetry by using the law of conservation of energy as it applies to temperature, heat, and phase changes (including the use of the formulas q = mc delta T [temperature change] and q = mLv and q = mLf [phase change] to solve calorimetry problems).

Calorimetry Lab

C-5.6: Use density to determine the mass, volume, or number of particles of a gas in a chemical reaction.

Density Laboratory

C-5.9: Analyze a chemical process to account for the weight of all reagents and solvents by following the appropriate material balance procedures.

Covalent Bonds
Ionic Bonds
Limiting Reactants

C-6: The student will demonstrate an understanding of the nature and properties of various types of chemical solutions.

C-6.1: Summarize the process by which solutes dissolve in solvents, the dynamic equilibrium that occurs in saturated solutions, and the effects of varying pressure and temperature on solubility.

Solubility and Temperature

C-6.2: Compare solubility of various substances in different solvents (including polar and nonpolar solvents and organic and inorganic substances).

Solubility and Temperature

C-6.3: Illustrate the colligative properties of solutions (including freezing point depression and boiling point elevation and their practical uses).

Colligative Properties
Freezing Point of Salt Water

C-6.4: Carry out calculations to find the concentration of solutions in terms of molarity and percent weight (mass).

Colligative Properties

C-6.5: Summarize the properties of salts, acids, and bases.

pH Analysis
pH Analysis: Quad Color Indicator

C-6.10: Interpret solubility curves to determine saturation at different temperatures.

Solubility and Temperature

C-6.12: Use solubility rules to write net ionic equations for precipitation reactions in aqueous solution.

Solubility and Temperature

C-6.13: Use the calculated molality of a solution to calculate the freezing point depression and the boiling point elevation of a solution.

Colligative Properties
Freezing Point of Salt Water
Phase Changes

C-6.14: Represent neutralization reactions and reactions between common acids and metals by using chemical equations.

Balancing Chemical Equations
Chemical Equation Balancing

P-2: The student will demonstrate an understanding of the principles of force and motion and relationships between them.

P-2.1: Represent vector quantities (including displacement, velocity, acceleration, and force) and use vector addition.

Vectors

P-2.2: Apply formulas for velocity or speed and acceleration to one and two-dimensional problems.

Distance-Time Graphs
Distance-Time and Velocity-Time Graphs
Fan Cart Physics
Freefall Laboratory
Inclined Plane - Sliding Objects
Roller Coaster Physics
Uniform Circular Motion

P-2.3: Interpret the velocity or speed and acceleration of one and two-dimensional motion on distance-time, velocity-time or speed-time, and acceleration-time graphs.

Atwood Machine
Distance-Time Graphs
Distance-Time and Velocity-Time Graphs
Fan Cart Physics
Freefall Laboratory
Inclined Plane - Sliding Objects
Roller Coaster Physics

P-2.4: Interpret the resulting motion of objects by applying Newton's three laws of motion: inertia; the relationship among net force, mass, and acceleration (using F = ma); and action and reaction forces.

2D Collisions
Atwood Machine
Fan Cart Physics
Freefall Laboratory
Inclined Plane - Simple Machine
Inclined Plane - Sliding Objects
Period of Mass on a Spring
Period of a Pendulum
Simple Harmonic Motion
Uniform Circular Motion

P-2.5: Explain the factors that influence the dynamics of falling objects and projectiles.

Freefall Laboratory
Golf Range!

P-2.6: Apply formulas for velocity and acceleration to solve problems related to projectile motion.

Freefall Laboratory
Golf Range!
Inclined Plane - Sliding Objects
Uniform Circular Motion

P-2.7: Use a free-body diagram to determine the net force and component forces acting upon an object.

Atwood Machine
Fan Cart Physics
Inclined Plane - Simple Machine
Pith Ball Lab
Uniform Circular Motion

P-2.8: Distinguish between static and kinetic friction and the factors that affect the motion of objects.

Inclined Plane - Simple Machine
Roller Coaster Physics

P-2.9: Explain how torque is affected by the magnitude, direction, and point of application of force.

Gravitational Force
Torque and Moment of Inertia
Uniform Circular Motion

P-2.10: Explain the relationships among speed, velocity, acceleration, and force in rotational systems.

Atwood Machine
Fan Cart Physics
Freefall Laboratory
Inclined Plane - Sliding Objects
Roller Coaster Physics
Uniform Circular Motion

P-3: The student will demonstrate an understanding of the conservation, transfer, and transformation of mechanical energy.-

P-3.1: Apply energy formulas to determine potential and kinetic energy and explain the transformation from one to the other.

Energy Conversion in a System
Energy of a Pendulum
Inclined Plane - Rolling Objects
Inclined Plane - Simple Machine
Inclined Plane - Sliding Objects
Period of a Pendulum
Roller Coaster Physics
Simple Harmonic Motion

P-3.2: Apply the law of conservation of energy to the transfer of mechanical energy through work.

Calorimetry Lab
Energy of a Pendulum
Inclined Plane - Simple Machine
Pulley Lab

P-3.3: Explain, both conceptually and quantitatively, how energy can transfer from one system to another (including work, power, and efficiency).

Pulley Lab

P-3.4: Explain, both conceptually and quantitatively, the factors that influence periodic motion.

Period of Mass on a Spring
Simple Harmonic Motion

P-3.5: Explain the factors involved in producing a change in momentum (including impulse and the law of conservation of momentum in both linear and rotary systems).

2D Collisions
Air Track

P-3.6: Compare elastic and inelastic collisions in terms of conservation laws.

2D Collisions
Air Track

P-4: The student will demonstrate an understanding of the properties of electricity and magnetism and the relationships between them.

P-4.3: Summarize current, potential difference, and resistance in terms of electrons.

Advanced Circuits
Circuits
Electron Configuration
Element Builder

P-4.4: Compare how current, voltage, and resistance are measured in a series and in a parallel electric circuit and identify the appropriate units of measurement.

Advanced Circuits
Circuits

P-4.5: Analyze the relationships among voltage, resistance, and current in a complex circuit by using Ohm's law to calculate voltage, resistance, and current at each resistor, any branch, and the overall circuit.

Advanced Circuits
Circuits

P-4.7: Carry out calculations for electric power and electric energy for circuits.

Advanced Circuits
Circuits
Household Energy Usage

P-4.11: Predict the cost of operating an electrical device by determining the amount of electrical power and electrical energy in the circuit.

Advanced Circuits
Household Energy Usage

P-5: The student will demonstrate an understanding of the properties and behaviors of mechanical and electromagnetic waves.

P-5.1: Analyze the relationships among the properties of waves (including energy, frequency, amplitude, wavelength, period, phase, and speed).

Photoelectric Effect
Sound Beats and Sine Waves

P-5.2: Compare the properties of electromagnetic and mechanical waves.

Earthquake - Recording Station

P-5.3: Analyze wave behaviors (including reflection, refraction, diffraction, and constructive and destructive interference).

Earthquake - Determination of Epicenter
Ray Tracing (Lenses)
Refraction

P-5.4: Distinguish the different properties of waves across the range of the electromagnetic spectrum.

Photoelectric Effect

P-5.5: Illustrate the interaction of light waves with optical lenses and mirrors by using Snell's law and ray diagrams.

Laser Reflection
Ray Tracing (Lenses)
Ray Tracing (Mirrors)

P-6: The student will demonstrate an understanding of the properties and behaviors of sound.

P-6.2: Explain how frequency and intensity affect the parts of the sonic spectrum.

Sound Beats and Sine Waves

P-6.3: Explain pitch, loudness, and tonal quality in terms of wave characteristics that determine what is heard.

Sound Beats and Sine Waves

P-6.4: Compare intensity and loudness.

Sound Beats and Sine Waves

P-6.5: Apply formulas to determine the relative intensity of sound.

Sound Beats and Sine Waves

P-6.7: Explain the relationship among frequency, fundamental tones, and harmonics in producing music.

Sound Beats and Sine Waves

P-6.9: Explain how the variables of length, width, tension, and density affect the resonant frequency, harmonics, and pitch of a vibrating string.

Density Experiment: Slice and Dice
Density Laboratory
Density via Comparison
Determining Density via Water Displacement
Sound Beats and Sine Waves

P-7: The student will demonstrate an understanding of the properties and behaviors of light and optics.

P-7.1: Explain the particulate nature of light as evidenced in the photoelectric effect.

Photoelectric Effect

P-7.2: Use the inverse square law to determine the change in intensity of light with distance.

Gravitational Force

P-7.4: Summarize the operation of fiber optics in terms of total internal reflection.

Laser Reflection

P-7.5: Summarize image formation in microscopes and telescopes (including reflecting and refracting).

Ray Tracing (Lenses)
Ray Tracing (Mirrors)

P-7.6: Summarize the production of continuous, emission, or absorption spectra.

Bohr Model of Hydrogen
Bohr Model: Introduction

P-7.7: Compare color by transmission to color by reflection.

Laser Reflection

P-7.9: Illustrate the diffraction and interference of light.

Sound Beats and Sine Waves

P-7.10: Identify the parts of the eye and explain their function in image formation.

Ray Tracing (Lenses)
Ray Tracing (Mirrors)

P-8: The student will demonstrate an understanding of nuclear physics and modern physics.

P-8.1: Compare the strong and weak nuclear forces in terms of their roles in radioactivity.

Half-life

P-8.2: Compare the nuclear binding energy to the energy released during a nuclear reaction, given the atomic masses of the constituent particles.

Nuclear Decay

P-8.3: Predict the resulting isotope of a given alpha, beta, or gamma emission.

Nuclear Decay

P-8.4: Apply appropriate procedures to balance nuclear equations (including fusion, fission, alpha decay, beta decay, and electron capture).

Balancing Chemical Equations
Chemical Equation Balancing
Nuclear Decay

P-8.5: Interpret a representative nuclear decay series.

Nuclear Decay

P-8.7: Compare the value of time, length, and momentum in the reference frame of an object moving at relativistic velocity to those values measured in the reference frame of an observer by applying Einstein's special theory of relativity.

2D Collisions
Air Track

P-9: The student will demonstrate an understanding of the principles of fluid mechanics.

P-9.3: Explain the factors that affect buoyancy.

Density via Comparison

P-9.4: Explain how the rate of flow of a fluid is affected by the size of the pipe, friction, and the viscosity of the fluid.

Inclined Plane - Simple Machine
Roller Coaster Physics

P-9.5: Explain how depth and fluid density affect pressure.

Density Experiment: Slice and Dice
Density Laboratory
Density via Comparison
Determining Density via Water Displacement

P-10: The student will demonstrate an understanding of the principles of thermodynamics.

P-10.1: Summarize the first and second laws of thermodynamics.

Energy Conversion in a System

P-10.2: Explain the relationship among internal energy, heat, and work.

Calorimetry Lab
Heat Transfer by Conduction
Inclined Plane - Simple Machine
Phase Changes
Pulley Lab

P-10.4: Explain thermal expansion in solids, liquids, and gases in terms of kinetic theory and the unique behavior of water.

Freezing Point of Salt Water
Temperature and Particle Motion

P-10.5: Differentiate heat and temperature in terms of molecular motion.

Phase Changes
Temperature and Particle Motion

P-10.6: Summarize the concepts involved in phase change.

Freezing Point of Salt Water
Phase Changes

P-10.7: Apply the concepts of heat capacity, specific heat, and heat exchange to solve calorimetry problems.

Calorimetry Lab
Phase Changes

P-10.8: Summarize the functioning of heat transfer mechanisms (including engines and refrigeration systems).

Calorimetry Lab
Food Chain

ES-2: Students will demonstrate an understanding of the structure and properties of the universe.

ES-2.1: Summarize the properties of the solar system that support the theory of its formation along with the planets.

Solar System Explorer

ES-2.2: Identify properties and features of the Moon that make it unique among other moons in the solar system.

Moon Phases
Moonrise, Moonset, and Phases
Tides

ES-2.5: Classify stars by using the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram.

H-R Diagram

ES-2.7: Summarize the life cycles of stars.

H-R Diagram

ES-3: Students will demonstrate an understanding of the internal and external dynamics of solid Earth.

ES-3.2: Explain the differentiation of the structure of Earth's layers into a core, mantle, and crust based on the production of internal heat from the decay of isotopes and the role of gravitational energy.

Energy of a Pendulum
Inclined Plane - Sliding Objects
Nuclear Decay
Potential Energy on Shelves
Roller Coaster Physics

ES-3.3: Summarize theory of plate tectonics (including the role of convection currents, the action at plate boundaries, and the scientific evidence for the theory).

Plate Tectonics

ES-3.4: Explain how forces due to plate tectonics cause crustal changes as evidenced in earthquake activity, volcanic eruptions, and mountain building.

Earthquake - Determination of Epicenter
Earthquake - Recording Station
Plate Tectonics

ES-3.6: Explain how the dynamic nature of the rock cycle accounts for the interrelationships among igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks.

Rock Classification
Rock Cycle

ES-3.7: Classify minerals and rocks on the basis of their physical and chemical properties and the environment in which they were formed.

Rock Classification

ES-4: The student will demonstrate an understanding of the dynamics of Earth's atmosphere.

ES-4.2: Summarize the changes in Earth's atmosphere over geologic time (including the importance of photosynthesizing organisms to the atmosphere).

Photosynthesis Lab

ES-4.4: Attribute global climate patterns to geographic influences (including latitude, topography, elevation, and proximity to water).

Coastal Winds and Clouds
Seasons Around the World
Seasons in 3D
Seasons: Earth, Moon, and Sun
Seasons: Why do we have them?

ES-4.5: Explain the relationship between the rotation of Earth and the pattern of wind belts.

Coastal Winds and Clouds

ES-4.7: Summarize the evidence for the likely impact of human activities on the atmosphere (including ozone holes, greenhouse gases, acid rain, and photochemical smog).

Greenhouse Effect
Water Pollution

ES-4.8: Predict weather conditions and storms (including thunderstorms, hurricanes, and tornados) on the basis of the relationship among the movement of air masses, high and low pressure systems, and frontal boundaries.

Hurricane Motion

ES-5: The student will demonstrate an understanding of Earth's freshwater and ocean systems.

ES-5.3: Explain how karst topography develops as a result of groundwater processes.

Building Topographical Maps
Reading Topographical Maps

ES-6: Students will demonstrate an understanding of the dynamic relationship between Earth's conditions over geologic time and the diversity of its organisms.

ES-6.1: Summarize the conditions of Earth that enable the planet to support life.

Solar System Explorer

ES-6.3: Summarize how fossil evidence reflects the changes in environmental conditions on Earth over time.

Human Evolution - Skull Analysis

ES-6.4: Match dating methods (including index fossils, ordering of rock layers, and radiometric dating) with the most appropriate application for estimating geologic time.

Half-life