Ontario Curriculum
A.1.1: recognize the logarithm of a number to a given base as the exponent to which the base must be raised to get the number, recognize the operation of finding the logarithm to be the inverse operation (i.e., the undoing or reversing) of exponentiation, and evaluate simple logarithmic expressions
A.1.2: determine, with technology, the approximate logarithm of a number to any base, including base 10 (e.g., by reasoning that log base 3 of 29 is between 3 and 4 and using systematic trial to determine that log base 3 of 29 is approximately 3.07)
A.1.3: make connections between related logarithmic and exponential equations (e.g., log base 5 of 125 = 3 can also be expressed as 5³ = 125), and solve simple exponential equations by rewriting them in logarithmic form (e.g., solving 3 to the xth power = 10 by rewriting the equation as log base 3 of 10 = x)
A.2.1: determine, through investigation with technology (e.g., graphing calculator, spreadsheet) and without technology, key features (i.e., vertical and horizontal asymptotes, domain and range, intercepts, increasing/decreasing behaviour) of the graphs of logarithmic functions of the form f(x) = log base b of x, and make connections between the algebraic and graphical representations of these logarithmic functions
A.2.2: recognize the relationship between an exponential function and the corresponding logarithmic function to be that of a function and its inverse, deduce that the graph of a logarithmic function is the reflection of the graph of the corresponding exponential function in the line y = x, and verify the deduction using technology
A.2.3: determine, through investigation using technology, the roles of the parameters d and c in functions of the form y = log base 10 of (x – d) + c and the roles of the parameters a and k in functions of the form y = alog base 10 of (kx), and describe these roles in terms of transformations on the graph of f(x) = log base 10 of x (i.e., vertical and horizontal translations; reflections in the axes; vertical and horizontal stretches and compressions to and from the x- and y-axes)
A.2.4: pose problems based on real-world applications of exponential and logarithmic functions (e.g., exponential growth and decay, the Richter scale, the pH scale, the decibel scale), and solve these and other such problems by using a given graph or a graph generated with technology from a table of values or from its equation
Compound Interest
Exponential Growth and Decay
Introduction to Exponential Functions
A.3.4: solve problems involving exponential and logarithmic equations algebraically, including problems arising from real-world applications
B.1.1: recognize the radian as an alternative unit to the degree for angle measurement, define the radian measure of an angle as the length of the arc that subtends this angle at the centre of a unit circle, and develop and apply the relationship between radian and degree measure
Cosine Function
Sine Function
Tangent Function
B.1.2: represent radian measure in terms of pi (e.g., pi/3 radians, 2pi radians) and as a rational number (e.g., 1.05 radians, 6.28 radians)
Sine Function
Tangent Function
B.1.3: determine, with technology, the primary trigonometric ratios (i.e., sine, cosine, tangent) and the reciprocal trigonometric ratios (i.e., cosecant, secant, cotangent) of angles expressed in radian measure
Sine Function
Tangent Function
B.1.4: determine, without technology, the exact values of the primary trigonometric ratios and the reciprocal trigonometric ratios for the special angles 0, pi/6, pi/4, pi/3, pi/2, and their multiples less than or equal to 2pi
B.2.1: sketch the graphs of f(x) = sin x and f(x) = cos x for angle measures expressed in radians, and determine and describe some key properties (e.g., period of 2pi, amplitude of 1) in terms of radians
Cosine Function
Sine Function
Translating and Scaling Sine and Cosine Functions
B.2.2: make connections between the tangent ratio and the tangent function by using technology to graph the relationship between angles in radians and their tangent ratios and defining this relationship as the function f(x) = tan x, and describe key properties of the tangent function
B.2.4: determine the amplitude, period, and phase shift of sinusoidal functions whose equations are given in the form f(x) = a sin (k(x – d)) + c or f(x) = a cos(k(x – d)) + c, with angles expressed in radians
Cosine Function
Sine Function
Translating and Scaling Sine and Cosine Functions
B.2.5: sketch graphs of y = a sin (k(x – d)) + c and y = a cos(k(x – d)) + c by applying transformations to the graphs of f(x) = sin x and f(x) = cos x with angles expressed in radians, and state the period, amplitude, and phase shift of the transformed functions
Translating and Scaling Functions
Translating and Scaling Sine and Cosine Functions
B.2.6: represent a sinusoidal function with an equation, given its graph or its properties, with angles expressed in radians
Translating and Scaling Functions
B.2.7: pose problems based on applications involving a trigonometric function with domain expressed in radians (e.g., seasonal changes in temperature, heights of tides, hours of daylight, displacements for oscillating springs), and solve these and other such problems by using a given graph or a graph generated with or without technology from a table of values or from its equation
Cosine Function
Sine Function
Tangent Function
Translating and Scaling Sine and Cosine Functions
B.3.2: explore the algebraic development of the compound angle formulas (e.g., verify the formulas in numerical examples, using technology; follow a demonstration of the algebraic development [student reproduction of the development of the general case is not required]), and use the formulas to determine exact values of trigonometric ratios [e.g., determining the exact value of sin (pi/12) by first rewriting it in terms of special angles as sin (pi/4 - pi/6)]
Sum and Difference Identities for Sine and Cosine
B.3.3: recognize that trigonometric identities are equations that are true for every value in the domain (i.e., a counter-example can be used to show that an equation is not an identity), prove trigonometric identities through the application of reasoning skills, using a variety of relationships (e.g., tan x = sin x / cos x; sin²x + cos²x = 1; the reciprocal identities; the compound angle formulas), and verify identities using technology
Simplifying Trigonometric Expressions
Sine, Cosine, and Tangent Ratios
Sum and Difference Identities for Sine and Cosine
C.1.1: recognize a polynomial expression (i.e., a series of terms where each term is the product of a constant and a power of x with a nonnegative integral exponent, such as x³ – 5x² + 2x – 1); recognize the equation of a polynomial function, give reasons why it is a function, and identify linear and quadratic functions as examples of polynomial functions
Graphs of Polynomial Functions
Polynomials and Linear Factors
Quadratics in Factored Form
Simplifying Algebraic Expressions I
Simplifying Algebraic Expressions II
C.1.2: compare, through investigation using graphing technology, the numeric, graphical, and algebraic representations of polynomial (i.e., linear, quadratic, cubic, quartic) functions (e.g., compare finite differences in tables of values; investigate the effect of the degree of a polynomial function on the shape of its graph and the maximum number of x-intercepts; investigate the effect of varying the sign of the leading coefficient on the end behaviour of the function for very large positive or negative x-values)
Graphs of Polynomial Functions
Polynomials and Linear Factors
Quadratics in Factored Form
Quadratics in Vertex Form
Zap It! Game
C.1.3: describe key features of the graphs of polynomial functions (e.g., the domain and range, the shape of the graphs, the end behaviour of the functions for very large positive or negative x-values)
Graphs of Polynomial Functions
Polynomials and Linear Factors
Quadratics in Vertex Form
C.1.5: make connections, through investigation using graphing technology (e.g., dynamic geometry software), between a polynomial function given in factored form [e.g., f(x) = 2(x - 3)(x + 2)(x - 1)] and the x-intercepts of its graph, and sketch the graph of a polynomial function given in factored form using its key features (e.g., by determining intercepts and end behaviour; by locating positive and negative regions using test values between and on either side of the x-intercepts)
Polynomials and Linear Factors
Quadratics in Factored Form
C.1.6: determine, through investigation using technology, the roles of the parameters a, k, d, and c in functions of the form y = af (k(x - d)) + c, and describe these roles in terms of transformations on the graphs of f(x) = x³ and f(x) = x to the 4th power (i.e., vertical and horizontal translations; reflections in the axes; vertical and horizontal stretches and compressions to and from the x- and y-axes)
Translating and Scaling Functions
Zap It! Game
C.1.9: determine, through investigation, and compare the properties of even and odd polynomial functions [e.g., symmetry about the y-axis or the origin; the power of each term; the number of x-intercepts; f(x) = f(– x) or f(– x) = – f(x)], and determine whether a given polynomial function is even, odd, or neither
Graphs of Polynomial Functions
C.2.1: determine, through investigation with and without technology, key features (i.e., vertical and horizontal asymptotes, domain and range, intercepts, positive/negative intervals, increasing/decreasing intervals) of the graphs of rational functions that are the reciprocals of linear and quadratic functions, and make connections between the algebraic and graphical representations of these rational functions [e.g., make connections between f(x) = 1/(x² - 4) and its graph by using graphing technology and by reasoning that there are vertical asymptotes at x = 2 and x = –2 and a horizontal asymptote at y = 0 and that the function maintains the same sign as f(x) = x² – 4]
General Form of a Rational Function
Rational Functions
Using Algebraic Expressions
C.2.2: determine, through investigation with and without technology, key features (i.e., vertical and horizontal asymptotes, domain and range, intercepts, positive/negative intervals, increasing/decreasing intervals) of the graphs of rational functions that have linear expressions in the numerator and denominator [e.g., f(x) = 2x/(x - 3), h(x)= (x - 2)/(3x + 4)], and make connections between the algebraic and graphical representations of these rational functions
General Form of a Rational Function
Rational Functions
C.2.3: sketch the graph of a simple rational function using its key features, given the algebraic representation of the function
General Form of a Rational Function
Rational Functions
C.3.1: make connections, through investigation using technology (e.g., computer algebra systems), between the polynomial function f(x), the divisor x – a, the remainder from the division f(x)/(x - a), and f(a) to verify the remainder theorem and the factor theorem
Dividing Polynomials Using Synthetic Division
C.3.2: factor polynomial expressions in one variable, of degree no higher than four, by selecting and applying strategies (i.e., common factoring, difference of squares, trinomial factoring, factoring by grouping, remainder theorem, factor theorem)
Dividing Polynomials Using Synthetic Division
Factoring Special Products
Modeling the Factorization of ax2+bx+c
Polynomials and Linear Factors
C.3.3: determine, through investigation using technology (e.g., graphing calculator, computer algebra systems), the connection between the real roots of a polynomial equation and the x-intercepts of the graph of the corresponding polynomial function, and describe this connection [e.g., the real roots of the equation x to the 4th power – 13x² + 36 = 0 are the x-intercepts of the graph of f(x) = x to the 4th power – 13x² + 36]
Polynomials and Linear Factors
C.3.4: solve polynomial equations in one variable, of degree no higher than four (e.g., 2x³ – 3x² + 8x – 12 = 0), by selecting and applying strategies (i.e., common factoring, difference of squares, trinomial factoring, factoring by grouping, remainder theorem, factor theorem), and verify solutions using technology (e.g., using computer algebra systems to determine the roots; using graphing technology to determine the x-intercepts of the graph of the corresponding polynomial function)
Dividing Polynomials Using Synthetic Division
Polynomials and Linear Factors
C.4.2: determine solutions to polynomial inequalities in one variable [e.g., solve f(x) ≥ 0, where f(x) = x³ – x² + 3x – 9] and to simple rational inequalities in one variable by graphing the corresponding functions, using graphing technology, and identifying intervals for which x satisfies the inequalities
C.4.3: solve linear inequalities and factorable polynomial inequalities in one variable (e.g., (x³ + x²) greater than 0) in a variety of ways (e.g., by determining intervals using x-intercepts and evaluating the corresponding function for a single x-value within each interval; by factoring the polynomial and identifying the conditions for which the product satisfies the inequality), and represent the solutions on a number line or algebraically (e.g., for the inequality (x to the 4th power – 5x² + 4) less than 0, the solution represented algebraically is –2 less than x less than –1 or 1 less than x less than 2)
Compound Inequalities
Exploring Linear Inequalities in One Variable
Linear Inequalities in Two Variables
Solving Linear Inequalities in One Variable
Systems of Linear Inequalities (Slope-intercept form)
D.2.1: determine, through investigation using graphing technology, key features (e.g., domain, range, maximum/minimum points, number of zeros) of the graphs of functions created by adding, subtracting, multiplying, or dividing functions [e.g., f(x) = 2 to the -x power sin 4x, g(x) = x² + 2 to the x power, h(x) = (sin x)/(cos x)], and describe factors that affect these properties
Addition and Subtraction of Functions
D.2.3: determine, through investigation, and explain some properties (i.e., odd, even, or neither; increasing/decreasing behaviours) of functions formed by adding, subtracting, multiplying, and dividing general functions [e.g., f(x) + g(x), f(x)g(x)]
Addition and Subtraction of Functions
D.2.8: make connections, through investigation using technology, between transformations (i.e., vertical and horizontal translations; reflections in the axes; vertical and horizontal stretches and compressions to and from the x- and y-axes) of simple functions f(x) [e.g., f(x) = x to the 3rd power + 20, f(x) = sin x, f(x) = log x] and the composition of these functions with a linear function of the form g(x) = A(x + B)
Translating and Scaling Functions
D.3.1: compare, through investigation using a variety of tools and strategies (e.g., graphing with technology; comparing algebraic representations; comparing finite differences in tables of values) the characteristics (e.g., key features of the graphs, forms of the equations) of various functions (i.e., polynomial, rational, trigonometric, exponential, logarithmic)
Exponential Functions
General Form of a Rational Function
Graphs of Polynomial Functions
Logarithmic Functions
Rational Functions
D.3.2: solve graphically and numerically equations and inequalities whose solutions are not accessible by standard algebraic techniques
Absolute Value Equations and Inequalities
Circles
Compound Inequalities
Exploring Linear Inequalities in One Variable
Linear Inequalities in Two Variables
Point-Slope Form of a Line
Quadratic Inequalities
Quadratics in Polynomial Form
Quadratics in Vertex Form
Radical Functions
Solving Equations on the Number Line
Solving Linear Inequalities in One Variable
Systems of Linear Inequalities (Slope-intercept form)
Correlation last revised: 9/16/2020