H.C.1A: The practices of science and engineering support the development of science concepts, develop the habits of mind that are necessary for scientific thinking, and allow students to engage in science in ways that are similar to those used by scientists and engineers.

H.C.1A.1: Ask questions to

H.C.1A.1.1: generate hypotheses for scientific investigations,

Boyle's Law and Charles's Law

H.C.1A.1.3: extend the results of investigations or challenge scientific arguments or claims.

Bohr Model of Hydrogen
Bohr Model: Introduction

H.C.1A.2: Develop, use, and refine models to

H.C.1A.2.1: understand or represent phenomena, processes, and relationships,

Bohr Model of Hydrogen
Bohr Model: Introduction
Boyle's Law and Charles's Law
Collision Theory
Covalent Bonds
Determining a Spring Constant
Element Builder
Equilibrium and Concentration
Equilibrium and Pressure
Moles
Phase Changes
Reaction Energy

H.C.1A.2.2: test devices or solutions, or

Trebuchet

H.C.1A.3: Plan and conduct controlled scientific investigations to answer questions, test hypotheses, and develop explanations:

H.C.1A.3.1: formulate scientific questions and testable hypotheses based on credible scientific information,

Real-Time Histogram
Sight vs. Sound Reactions

H.C.1A.3.2: identify materials, procedures, and variables,

Boyle's Law and Charles's Law
Diffusion
Freezing Point of Salt Water
Identifying Nutrients
Solubility and Temperature
Titration

H.C.1A.3.3: use appropriate laboratory equipment, technology, and techniques to collect qualitative and quantitative data, and

Measuring Volume
Mystery Powder Analysis
Titration
Triple Beam Balance

H.C.1A.3.4: record and represent data in an appropriate form. Use appropriate safety procedures.

Diffusion
Measuring Volume
Titration

H.C.1A.4: Analyze and interpret data from informational texts and data collected from investigations using a range of methods (such as tabulation, graphing, or statistical analysis) to

H.C.1A.4.1: reveal patterns and construct meaning,

Boyle's Law and Charles's Law
Diffusion
Effect of Environment on New Life Form
Electron Configuration
Pendulum Clock

H.C.1A.4.2: support or refute hypotheses, explanations, claims, or designs, or

Boyle's Law and Charles's Law
Diffusion
Effect of Environment on New Life Form
Pendulum Clock

H.C.1A.4.3: evaluate the strength of conclusions.

Diffusion
Effect of Environment on New Life Form
Pendulum Clock

H.C.1A.5: Use mathematical and computational thinking to

H.C.1A.5.1: use and manipulate appropriate metric units,

Stoichiometry
Unit Conversions

H.C.1A.5.2: express relationships between variables for models and investigations, and

Boyle's Law and Charles's Law
Freezing Point of Salt Water
Solubility and Temperature

H.C.1A.6: Construct explanations of phenomena using

H.C.1A.6.1: primary or secondary scientific evidence and models,

Collision Theory

H.C.1A.6.2: conclusions from scientific investigations,

Bohr Model of Hydrogen
Bohr Model: Introduction

H.C.1A.6.4: data communicated in graphs, tables, or diagrams.

Mystery Powder Analysis
Seasons Around the World

H.C.1A.8: Obtain and evaluate scientific information to

H.C.1A.8.3: develop models,

Reaction Energy

H.C.1A.8.4: evaluate hypotheses, explanations, claims, or designs or

Reaction Energy

H.C.1B: Technology is any modification to the natural world created to fulfill the wants and needs of humans. The engineering design process involves a series of iterative steps used to solve a problem and often leads to the development of a new or improved technology.

H.C.1B.1: Construct devices or design solutions using scientific knowledge to solve specific problems or needs:

H.C.1B.1.4: build and test devices or solutions,

Trebuchet

H.C.1B.1.5: determine if the devices or solutions solved the problem and refine the design if needed, and

Feel the Heat
Trebuchet

H.C.2A: The existence of atoms can be used to explain the structure and behavior of matter. Each atom consists of a charged nucleus, consisting of protons and neutrons, surrounded by electrons. The interactions of these electrons between and within atoms are the primary factors that determine the chemical properties of matter. In a neutral atom the number of protons is the same as the number of electrons.

Isotopes

H.C.2A.1: Obtain and communicate information to describe and compare subatomic particles with regard to mass, location, charge, electrical attractions and repulsions, and impact on the properties of an atom.

Average Atomic Mass

H.C.2A.2: Use the Bohr and quantum mechanical models of atomic structure to exemplify how electrons are distributed in atoms.

Bohr Model of Hydrogen
Bohr Model: Introduction
Electron Configuration
Element Builder

H.C.2B: In nuclear fusion, lighter nuclei combine to form more stable heavier nuclei and in nuclear fission heavier nuclei are split to form lighter nuclei. The energies in fission and fusion reactions exceed the energies in usual chemical reactions.

H.C.2B.2: Develop models to exemplify radioactive decay and use the models to explain the concept of half-life and its use in determining the age of materials (such as radiocarbon dating or the use of radioisotopes to date rocks).

Half-life
Isotopes

H.C.2B.3: Obtain and communicate information to compare and contrast nuclear fission and nuclear fusion and to explain why the ability to produce low energy nuclear reactions would be a scientific breakthrough.

Nuclear Reactions

H.C.3A: Elements are made up of only one kind of atom. With increasing atomic number, a predictable pattern for the addition of electrons exists. This pattern is the basis for the arrangement of elements in the periodic table. The chemical properties of an element are determined by an element's electron configuration. Elements can react to form chemical compounds/molecules that have unique properties determined by the kinds of atoms combined to make up the compound/molecule. Essentially, the ways in which electrons are involved in bonds determines whether ionic or covalent bonds are formed. Compounds have characteristic shapes that are determined by the type and number of bonds formed.

H.C.3A.1: Construct explanations for the formation of molecular compounds via sharing of electrons and for the formation of ionic compounds via transfer of electrons.

Ionic Bonds

H.C.3A.2: Use the periodic table to write and interpret the formulas and names of chemical compounds (including binary ionic compounds, binary covalent compounds, and straight-chain alkanes up to six carbons).

Covalent Bonds
Ionic Bonds

H.C.3A.3: Analyze and interpret data to predict the type of bonding (ionic or covalent) and the shape of simple compounds by using the Lewis dot structures and oxidation numbers.

Covalent Bonds

H.C.4A: Matter can exist as a solid, liquid, or gas, and in very high-energy states, as plasma. In general terms, for a given chemical, the particles making up the solid are at a lower energy state than the liquid phase, which is at a lower energy state than the gaseous phase. The changes from one state of matter into another are energy dependent. The behaviors of gases are dependent on the factors of pressure, volume, and temperature.

H.C.4A.1: Develop and use models to explain the arrangement and movement of the particles in solids, liquids, gases, and plasma as well as the relative strengths of their intermolecular forces.

Temperature and Particle Motion

H.C.4A.3: Conduct controlled scientific investigations and use models to explain the behaviors of gases (including the proportional relationships among pressure, volume, and temperature).

Boyle's Law and Charles's Law
Equilibrium and Pressure

H.C.5A: Solutions can exist in any of three physical states: gas, liquid, or solid. Solution concentrations can be expressed by specifying the relative amounts of solute and solvent. The nature of the solute, the solvent, the temperature, and the pressure can affect solubility. Solutes can affect such solvent properties as freezing point, boiling point, and vapor pressure. Acids, bases, and salts have characteristic properties. Several definitions of acids and bases are used in chemistry.

H.C.5A.2: Analyze and interpret data to explain the effects of temperature and pressure on the solubility of solutes in a given amount of solvent.

Solubility and Temperature

H.C.6A: A chemical reaction occurs when elements and/or compounds interact, resulting in a rearrangement of the atoms of these elements and/or compounds to produce substances with unique properties. Mass is conserved in chemical reactions. Reactions tend to proceed in a direction that favors lower energies. Chemical reactions can be categorized using knowledge about the reactants to predict products. Chemical reactions are quantifiable. When stress is applied to a chemical system that is in equilibrium, the system will shift in a direction that reduces that stress.

H.C.6A.2: Use Le Châtelier's principle to predict shifts in chemical equilibria resulting from changes in concentration, pressure, and temperature.

Equilibrium and Concentration
Equilibrium and Pressure

H.C.6A.3: Plan and conduct controlled scientific investigations to produce mathematical evidence that mass is conserved in chemical reactions.

Chemical Changes

H.C.6A.4: Use mathematical and computational thinking to predict the amounts of reactants required and products produced in specific chemical reactions.

Chemical Equations
Limiting Reactants
Stoichiometry

H.C.7A: The first law of thermodynamics states that the amount of energy in the universe is constant. An energy diagram is used to represent changes in the energy of the reactants and products in a chemical reaction. Enthalpy refers to the heat content that is present in an atom, ion, or compound. While some chemical reactions occur spontaneously, other reactions may require that activation energy be lowered in order for the reaction to occur.

H.C.7A.3: Plan and conduct controlled scientific investigations to determine the effects of temperature, surface area, stirring, concentration of reactants, and the presence of various catalysts on the rate of chemical reactions.

Collision Theory

H.C.7A.4: Develop and use models to explain the relationships between collision frequency, the energy of collisions, the orientation of molecules, activation energy, and the rates of chemical reactions.

Collision Theory