12A: Students who meet the standard know and apply concepts that explain how living things function, adapt, and change.

12A.1: Apply scientific inquiries or technological designs to explain biochemical reactions, diagramming metabolic, hormonal, regulatory, feedback or transport molecular models in and between organ systems, explaining homeostasis, or tracing the balance of cellular ATP.

Digestive System
Paramecium Homeostasis

12A.3: Apply scientific inquiries or technological designs to synthesize the principles of genetic studies, examining phenotypic and genotypic displays, modeling predictable dominance outcomes and probabilities, or making connections to early and current research in agriculture, forensics, medicine, etc.

Chicken Genetics
DNA Analysis
Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

12B: Students who meet the standard know and apply concepts that describe how living things interact with each other and with their environment.

12B.3: Apply scientific inquiries or technological designs to research the sustainability of air resources, modeling the atmospheric layers with their currents and temperature inversions, or explaining the percentage chemical compositions and conversions at varying levels as associated with the greenhouse effect and ozone depletion or acid-rain concentrations.

Greenhouse Effect

12C: Students who meet the standard know and apply concepts that describe properties of matter and energy and the interactions between them.

12C.1: Apply scientific inquiries or technological designs to explain chemical bonding and reactions, balancing chemical reactions using formulas and equations to quantify reaction masses, volumes and ratios, examining factors that affect capacity to react or rates (concentrations, pH, catalysts, molarity, temperature, etc.), or referencing the bonding potential and strengths within and between atoms and molecules.

Chemical Changes
Collision Theory
Titration

12C.2: Apply scientific inquiries or technological designs to explain atomic and sub-atomic structures and energy, describing the composition of the nucleus and its transformations in nuclear reactions and predicting energy released and absorbed, explaining atomic structures to masses, volumes, charges, and isotopic connections, or explaining schematic designs for devices to detect, analyze, produce such structures or processes.

Nuclear Decay

12C.3: Apply scientific inquiries or technological designs to explain wave theory, explaining the wave and particle nature of light, constructing tests for reflection, refraction, image formation by mirrors and lenses, diffraction, and polarization, describing common examples of optical devices, or addressing light in the context of the human eye (and other light-sensitive animals).

Photoelectric Effect
Ray Tracing (Lenses)
Ray Tracing (Mirrors)
Refraction

12F: Students who meet the standard know and apply concepts that explain the composition and structure of the universe and Earth's place in it.

12F.1: Apply scientific inquiries or technological designs to investigate historical studies of the universe, comparing schematics, optics, development and capabilities of telescopes and spectroscopes, examining data collections of Copernicus, Brahe, Kepler, Newton, Galileo, etc. as the basis for their discoveries or theories and current research.

Star Spectra

12F.2: Apply scientific inquiries or technological designs to investigate current and proposed research studies of the universe, comparing schematics, optics, development and capabilities of spectrophotometric technologies, explaining the Doppler effect in terms of red and blue shifts, reporting on the newest discoveries from the Hubble Space Telescope, ground-based or satellite counterparts, etc. exploring the mathematical calculations and evidence associated with the Big Bang Theory, or

Star Spectra