1: The student conducts investigations, for at least 40% of instructional time, using safe, environmentally appropriate, and ethical practices. These investigations must involve actively obtaining and analyzing data with physical equipment, but may also involve experimentation in a simulated environment as well as field observations that extend beyond the classroom.

1.A: demonstrate safe practices during laboratory and field investigations; and

Diffusion

Lab Safety

1.B: demonstrate an understanding of the use and conservation of resources and the proper disposal or recycling of materials.

Water Pollution

2: The student uses a systematic approach to answer scientific laboratory and field investigative questions.

2.A: know the definition of science and understand that it has limitations, as specified in subsection (b)(2) of this section;

Science and Testability

2.B: know that scientific hypotheses are tentative and testable statements that must be capable of being supported or not supported by observational evidence. Hypotheses of durable explanatory power which have been tested over a wide variety of conditions are incorporated into theories;

Bohr Model: Introduction
Effect of Temperature on Gender

Fundamental Forces
Hypotheses and Theories
Science and Testability

2.C: know that scientific theories are based on natural and physical phenomena and are capable of being tested by multiple independent researchers. Unlike hypotheses, scientific theories are well-established and highly-reliable explanations, but may be subject to change as new areas of science and new technologies are developed;

Orbital Motion - Kepler's Laws

Evaluating Scientific Explanations
Fundamental Forces
Hypotheses and Theories
Science and Testability

2.D: distinguish between scientific hypotheses and scientific theories;

Hypotheses and Theories

2.E: design and implement investigative procedures, including making observations, asking well-defined questions, formulating testable hypotheses, identifying variables, selecting appropriate equipment and technology, and evaluating numerical answers for reasonableness;

Bohr Model: Introduction
Circuits
Diffusion
Effect of Environment on New Life Form
Golf Range
Inclined Plane - Rolling Objects
Moment of Inertia
Pendulum Clock
Real-Time Histogram
Refraction
Sight vs. Sound Reactions
Time Estimation
Vectors

Advanced Mechanical Systems
Hypotheses and Theories
Lab Safety
Recording Data
Science and Testability

2.F: demonstrate the use of course apparatus, equipment, techniques, and procedures, including multimeters (current, voltage, resistance), triple beam balances, batteries, clamps, dynamics demonstration equipment, collision apparatus, data acquisition probes, discharge tubes with power supply (H, He, Ne, Ar), hand-held visual spectroscopes, hot plates, slotted and hooked lab masses, bar magnets, horseshoe magnets, plane mirrors, convex lenses, pendulum support, power supply, ring clamps, ring stands, stopwatches, trajectory apparatus, tuning forks, carbon paper, graph paper, magnetic compasses, polarized film, prisms, protractors, resistors, friction blocks, mini lamps (bulbs) and sockets, electrostatics kits, 90-degree rod clamps, metric rulers, spring scales, knife blade switches, Celsius thermometers, meter sticks, scientific calculators, graphing technology, computers, cathode ray tubes with horseshoe magnets, ballistic carts or equivalent, resonance tubes, spools of nylon thread or string, containers of iron filings, rolls of white craft paper, copper wire, Periodic Table, electromagnetic spectrum charts, slinky springs, wave motion ropes, and laser pointers;

2D Collisions
Adding Vectors
Air Track
Circuits
Conduction and Convection
Determining a Spring Constant
Electromagnetic Induction
Electron Configuration
Golf Range
Graphing Skills
Herschel Experiment
Inclined Plane - Sliding Objects
Laser Reflection
Longitudinal Waves
Magnetic Induction
Magnetism
Measuring Trees
Period of a Pendulum
Phase Changes
Photoelectric Effect
Ray Tracing (Lenses)
Refraction
Relative Humidity
Ripple Tank
Simple Harmonic Motion
Star Spectra
Triple Beam Balance
Vectors
Weight and Mass

Advanced Mechanical Systems
Chemical Properties
Hypotheses and Theories
Lab Safety
Recording Data
Science and the Media

2.G: use a wide variety of additional course apparatus, equipment, techniques, materials, and procedures as appropriate such as ripple tank with wave generator, wave motion rope, micrometer, caliper, radiation monitor, computer, ballistic pendulum, electroscope, inclined plane, optics bench, optics kit, pulley with table clamp, resonance tube, ring stand screen, four inch ring, stroboscope, graduated cylinders, and ticker timer;

Advanced Circuits
Estimating Population Size
Inclined Plane - Sliding Objects
Longitudinal Waves
Photoelectric Effect
Ripple Tank
Sound Beats and Sine Waves

Chemical Energy
Chemical Properties
Hypotheses and Theories
Lab Safety
Science and the Media

2.H: make measurements with accuracy and precision and record data using scientific notation and International System (SI) units;

Electromagnetic Induction
Energy Conversion in a System
Measuring Trees
Orbital Motion - Kepler's Laws
Ripple Tank
Triple Beam Balance
Unit Conversions 2 - Scientific Notation and Significant Digits
Weight and Mass

Fundamental Forces
Recording Data

2.I: identify and quantify causes and effects of uncertainties in measured data;

Time Estimation

Chemical Energy
Recording Data

2.J: organize and evaluate data and make inferences from data, including the use of tables, charts, and graphs;

Box-and-Whisker Plots
Calorimetry Lab
Circuits
Determining a Spring Constant
Effect of Environment on New Life Form
Effect of Temperature on Gender
Energy Conversion in a System
Energy of a Pendulum
Free-Fall Laboratory
Graphing Skills
Half-life
Identifying Nutrients
Longitudinal Waves
Mineral Identification
Pendulum Clock
Photoelectric Effect
Ray Tracing (Lenses)
Real-Time Histogram
Simple Harmonic Motion
Star Spectra

2.K: communicate valid conclusions supported by the data through various methods such as lab reports, labeled drawings, graphic organizers, journals, summaries, oral reports, and technology-based reports; and

Graphing Skills
Hearing: Frequency and Volume
Period of a Pendulum
Time Estimation

Science and the Media

2.L: express and manipulate relationships among physical variables quantitatively, including the use of graphs, charts, and equations.

2D Collisions
Calorimetry Lab
Determining a Spring Constant
Energy Conversion in a System
Energy of a Pendulum
Fan Cart Physics
Free-Fall Laboratory
Golf Range
Graphing Skills
Half-life
Inclined Plane - Sliding Objects
Longitudinal Waves
Photoelectric Effect
Ray Tracing (Lenses)
Simple Harmonic Motion

3: The student uses critical thinking, scientific reasoning, and problem solving to make informed decisions within and outside the classroom.

3.A: in all fields of science, analyze, evaluate, and critique scientific explanations by using empirical evidence, logical reasoning, and experimental and observational testing, including examining all sides of scientific evidence of those scientific explanations, so as to encourage critical thinking by the student;

Evaluating Scientific Explanations
Science and Testability

3.B: communicate and apply scientific information extracted from various sources such as current events, news reports, published journal articles, and marketing materials;

Evaluating Scientific Explanations
Hypotheses and Theories
Science and the Media

3.C: draw inferences based on data related to promotional materials for products and services;

Science and the Media

3.D: explain the impacts of the scientific contributions of a variety of historical and contemporary scientists on scientific thought and society;

DNA Analysis
Photoelectric Effect

Fundamental Forces
Hypotheses and Theories
Science and the Media
Special Relativity and Mass-Energy Equivalence

3.F: express and interpret relationships symbolically in accordance with accepted theories to make predictions and solve problems mathematically, including problems requiring proportional reasoning and graphical vector addition.

2D Collisions
Adding Vectors
Coulomb Force (Static)
Determining a Spring Constant
Fan Cart Physics
Gravitational Force
Heat Transfer by Conduction
Inclined Plane - Simple Machine
Pendulum Clock

4: The student knows and applies the laws governing motion in a variety of situations.

4.A: generate and interpret graphs and charts describing different types of motion, including the use of real-time technology such as motion detectors or photogates;

2D Collisions
Distance-Time Graphs
Distance-Time and Velocity-Time Graphs
Distance-Time and Velocity-Time Graphs
Earthquakes 1 - Recording Station
Fan Cart Physics
Force and Fan Carts
Free Fall Tower
Free-Fall Laboratory
Golf Range
Inclined Plane - Rolling Objects
Inclined Plane - Simple Machine
Inclined Plane - Sliding Objects
Photoelectric Effect
Roller Coaster Physics
Simple Harmonic Motion
Uniform Circular Motion

4.B: describe and analyze motion in one dimension using equations with the concepts of distance, displacement, speed, average velocity, instantaneous velocity, and acceleration;

Atwood Machine
Fan Cart Physics
Force and Fan Carts
Free-Fall Laboratory
Inclined Plane - Sliding Objects
Longitudinal Waves
Measuring Motion
Period of Mass on a Spring

Advanced Mechanical Systems

4.C: analyze and describe accelerated motion in two dimensions using equations, including projectile and circular examples;

Golf Range
Moment of Inertia
Orbital Motion - Kepler's Laws
Shoot the Monkey
Uniform Circular Motion

Advanced Mechanical Systems

4.D: calculate the effect of forces on objects, including the law of inertia, the relationship between force and acceleration, and the nature of force pairs between objects;

Atwood Machine
Fan Cart Physics
Force and Fan Carts
Uniform Circular Motion

Advanced Mechanical Systems

4.E: develop and interpret free-body force diagrams; and

Inclined Plane - Simple Machine
Pith Ball Lab

Advanced Mechanical Systems

4.F: identify and describe motion relative to different frames of reference.

Special Relativity and Mass-Energy Equivalence

5: The student knows the nature of forces in the physical world.

5.A: research and describe the historical development of the concepts of gravitational, electromagnetic, weak nuclear, and strong nuclear forces;

Fundamental Forces

5.B: describe and calculate how the magnitude of the gravitational force between two objects depends on their masses and the distance between their centers;

Gravitational Force
Pith Ball Lab

Fundamental Forces

5.C: describe and calculate how the magnitude of the electrical force between two objects depends on their charges and the distance between them;

Coulomb Force (Static)
Pith Ball Lab

Fundamental Forces

5.D: identify examples of electric and magnetic forces in everyday life;

Electromagnetic Induction

Energy Sources
Fundamental Forces

5.E: characterize materials as conductors or insulators based on their electrical properties;

Circuit Builder

Applications of Quantum Mechanics
Chemical Properties

5.F: design, construct, and calculate in terms of current through, potential difference across, resistance of, and power used by electric circuit elements connected in both series and parallel combinations;

Advanced Circuits
Circuit Builder
Circuits

5.G: investigate and describe the relationship between electric and magnetic fields in applications such as generators, motors, and transformers; and

Electromagnetic Induction
Magnetic Induction

Energy Sources
Fundamental Forces

5.H: describe evidence for and effects of the strong and weak nuclear forces in nature.

Half-life
Nuclear Decay

Energy Sources
Fundamental Forces

6: The student knows that changes occur within a physical system and applies the laws of conservation of energy and momentum.

6.A: investigate and calculate quantities using the work-energy theorem in various situations;

Inclined Plane - Simple Machine
Pulley Lab

Advanced Mechanical Systems

6.B: investigate examples of kinetic and potential energy and their transformations;

Air Track
Energy Conversion in a System
Energy Conversions
Energy of a Pendulum
Inclined Plane - Sliding Objects
Potential Energy on Shelves
Roller Coaster Physics
Temperature and Particle Motion

6.C: calculate the mechanical energy of, power generated within, impulse applied to, and momentum of a physical system;

2D Collisions
Air Track
Inclined Plane - Simple Machine
Inclined Plane - Sliding Objects
Roller Coaster Physics

Advanced Mechanical Systems

6.D: demonstrate and apply the laws of conservation of energy and conservation of momentum in one dimension;

Air Track
Energy Conversion in a System
Energy of a Pendulum
Inclined Plane - Sliding Objects
Phase Changes
Roller Coaster Physics

6.E: describe how the macroscopic properties of a thermodynamic system such as temperature, specific heat, and pressure are related to the molecular level of matter, including kinetic or potential energy of atoms;

Boyle's Law and Charles' Law
Temperature and Particle Motion

Chemical Energy

6.F: contrast and give examples of different processes of thermal energy transfer, including conduction, convection, and radiation; and

Calorimetry Lab
Coastal Winds and Clouds
Conduction and Convection
Energy Conversion in a System
Heat Absorption
Heat Transfer by Conduction
Herschel Experiment
Phases of Water
Radiation

6.G: analyze and explain everyday examples that illustrate the laws of thermodynamics, including the law of conservation of energy and the law of entropy.

Energy Conversion in a System
Heat Transfer by Conduction
Phase Changes

7: The student knows the characteristics and behavior of waves.

7.A: examine and describe oscillatory motion and wave propagation in various types of media;

Doppler Shift
Electromagnetic Induction
Longitudinal Waves
Refraction
Ripple Tank

7.B: investigate and analyze characteristics of waves, including velocity, frequency, amplitude, and wavelength, and calculate using the relationship between wavespeed, frequency, and wavelength;

Basic Prism
Doppler Shift
Hearing: Frequency and Volume
Longitudinal Waves
Photoelectric Effect
Refraction
Ripple Tank
Sound Beats and Sine Waves
Star Spectra

7.C: compare characteristics and behaviors of transverse waves, including electromagnetic waves and the electromagnetic spectrum, and characteristics and behaviors of longitudinal waves, including sound waves;

Longitudinal Waves
Ripple Tank

7.D: investigate behaviors of waves, including reflection, refraction, diffraction, interference, resonance, and the Doppler effect;

Basic Prism
Doppler Shift
Doppler Shift Advanced
Longitudinal Waves
Ray Tracing (Lenses)
Refraction
Ripple Tank
Sound Beats and Sine Waves

Resonance

7.E: describe and predict image formation as a consequence of reflection from a plane mirror and refraction through a thin convex lens; and

Laser Reflection
Ray Tracing (Lenses)
Ray Tracing (Mirrors)
Ripple Tank

Lenses and Mirrors

8: The student knows simple examples of atomic, nuclear, and quantum phenomena.

8.A: describe the photoelectric effect and the dual nature of light;

Photoelectric Effect

Applications of Quantum Mechanics

8.B: compare and explain the emission spectra produced by various atoms;

Bohr Model of Hydrogen
Bohr Model: Introduction
Star Spectra

8.C: describe the significance of mass-energy equivalence and apply it in explanations of phenomena such as nuclear stability, fission, and fusion; and

Special Relativity and Mass-Energy Equivalence

8.D: give examples of applications of atomic and nuclear phenomena such as radiation therapy, diagnostic imaging, and nuclear power and examples of applications of quantum phenomena such as digital cameras.

Electromagnetic Induction
Half-life

Applications of Quantum Mechanics
Energy Sources
Fundamental Forces
Special Relativity and Mass-Energy Equivalence