2: Students, through the inquiry process, demonstrate knowledge of properties, forms, changes and interactions of physical and chemical systems.

2.1: Classify, describe, and manipulate the physical models of matter in terms of: elements, and compounds, pure substances and mixtures, atoms, and molecules

2.1.A: Identify the main parts of an atom

Bohr Model of Hydrogen
Bohr Model: Introduction
Covalent Bonds
Electron Configuration
Element Builder
Ionic Bonds
Nuclear Decay

2.1.B: Identify the characteristics of a Periodic Table

Electron Configuration

2.1.C: Identify common elements by their symbol.

Element Builder
Nuclear Decay

2.1.D: Define atomic number

Element Builder
Nuclear Decay

2.1.F: Explain the relationship between atomic number, mass number, and the parts of an atom

Nuclear Decay

2.1.G: Describe elements based on their placement on the Periodic Table (families, groups)

Electron Configuration
Element Builder

2.1.H: Classify matter as atoms, molecules, elements, compounds, pure substances, or mixtures.

Limiting Reactants

2.1.I: Identify common compounds by their chemical formula

Covalent Bonds
Dehydration Synthesis
Ionic Bonds
Stoichiometry

2.1.K: Identify the relationship between atoms, molecules, elements, compounds, pure substances and mixtures.

Limiting Reactants

2.1.M: Define ionic and covalent bonds.

Covalent Bonds
Dehydration Synthesis
Ionic Bonds

2.1.N: Compare and contrast properties of ionic and covalent bonds.

Covalent Bonds
Dehydration Synthesis
Ionic Bonds

2.2: Examine, describe, compare and classify objects and substances based on common physical properties and simple chemical properties

2.2.A: Distinguish between chemical and physical properties of matter

Mineral Identification
Mystery Powder Analysis

2.2.B: Compare objects and substances based on their physical properties and simple chemical properties

Mineral Identification
Mystery Powder Analysis

2.2.C: Classify objects and substances based on common physical properties and simple chemical properties

Mineral Identification
Mystery Powder Analysis

2.3: Describe energy and compare and contrast the energy transformations and the characteristics of light, heat, motion, magnetism, electricity, sound and mechanical waves

2.3.B: Identify examples of various forms of energy

Energy Conversions

2.3.C: Compare and contrast various forms of energy

Energy Conversions

2.3.D: Explain the Law of Conservation of energy using various forms of energy transformation.

Energy Conversion in a System
Energy Conversions
Energy of a Pendulum
Inclined Plane - Sliding Objects
Period of a Pendulum
Roller Coaster Physics
Simple Harmonic Motion

2.3.E: Describe various types of light (visible and invisible)

Color Absorption
Herschel Experiment
Radiation

2.3.F: Describe the behavior of light (e.g., reflection, diffraction)

Basic Prism
Laser Reflection
Ray Tracing (Lenses)
Ray Tracing (Mirrors)

2.3.G: Identify characteristics of the electromagnetic spectrum

Herschel Experiment
Photoelectric Effect
Radiation

2.3.H: Explain the behavior of light (particle vs. wave, reflection, diffraction, speed)

Laser Reflection
Photoelectric Effect
Ray Tracing (Lenses)
Ray Tracing (Mirrors)
Refraction

2.3.I: Compare and contrast the three types of heat transfer

Calorimetry Lab
Conduction and Convection
Energy Conversions
Heat Absorption
Heat Transfer by Conduction
Phase Changes
Radiation

2.3.L: Describe properties of magnetic materials

Magnetism

2.3.P: Identify the parts of waves

Sound Beats and Sine Waves

2.3.Q: Describe the basic properties of sound

Longitudinal Waves
Sound Beats and Sine Waves

2.3.R: Compare and contrast longitudinal and transverse waves

Earthquake - Recording Station
Longitudinal Waves

2.4: Model and explain the states of matter are dependent upon the quantity of energy present in the system and describe what will change and what will remain unchanged at the particulate level when matter experiences an external force or energy change

2.4.A: Explain the three states of matter and how they relate to temperature change

Phase Changes

2.4.B: Explain the relationship between changes in thermal energy and states of matter (e.g., increase/decrease of thermal energy = change in state)

Energy Conversions
Phase Changes

2.4.C: Recognize that increase in temperature means greater average energy of motion

Collision Theory
Energy Conversion in a System
Temperature and Particle Motion

2.4.D: Explain how pressure affects temperature and volume (Boyle's Law/Charles' Law)

Boyle's Law and Charles' Law

2.5: Describe and explain the motion of an object in terms of its position, direction, and speed as well as the forces acting upon it

2.5.B: Define force

Charge Launcher
Force and Fan Carts

2.5.C: Explain different types of forces

Atwood Machine
Charge Launcher
Force and Fan Carts
Inclined Plane - Simple Machine
Roller Coaster Physics
Uniform Circular Motion

2.5.D: Identify variables that affect the motion of an object.

Charge Launcher
Force and Fan Carts

2.5.E: Explain, using appropriate formulas, the relationship between speed, velocity, acceleration, force, mass, and momentum

2D Collisions
Atwood Machine
Fan Cart Physics
Force and Fan Carts
Freefall Laboratory
Inclined Plane - Sliding Objects
Roller Coaster Physics
Uniform Circular Motion

2.5.F: Explain Newton's laws of motion

2D Collisions
Air Track
Atwood Machine
Fan Cart Physics
Force and Fan Carts
Uniform Circular Motion

2.6: Identify, build, describe, measure, and analyze mechanical systems (e.g., simple and complex compound machines) and describe the forces acting within those systems

2.6.A: Compare and contrast simple, complex compound machines

Ants on a Slant (Inclined Plane)
Inclined Plane - Simple Machine
Levers
Pulley Lab
Torque and Moment of Inertia
Wheel and Axle

2.6.B: Recognize that a machine makes work easier by changing the amount or direction of the force

Ants on a Slant (Inclined Plane)
Gravitational Force
Gravity Pitch
Inclined Plane - Simple Machine
Levers
Pulley Lab
Wheel and Axle

2.6.C: Identify applications of simple, complex and compound machines

Ants on a Slant (Inclined Plane)
Inclined Plane - Simple Machine
Levers
Pulley Lab
Torque and Moment of Inertia
Wheel and Axle

2.6.D: Measure and calculate efficiency, ideal and actual mechanical advantage for simple machines using the appropriate formulas (e.g., work w=f x d)

Ants on a Slant (Inclined Plane)
Inclined Plane - Simple Machine
Levers
Pulley Lab
Torque and Moment of Inertia
Wheel and Axle

2.6.E: Create simple and complex compound machines to examine and measure the related forces

Ants on a Slant (Inclined Plane)
Atwood Machine
Inclined Plane - Simple Machine
Levers
Pulley Lab
Torque and Moment of Inertia
Wheel and Axle

2.7: Give examples and describe how energy is transferred and conserved (e.g. electric to light and heat [light bulb], chemical to mechanical [fuel to propulsion])

2.7.A: Discuss basic (single step) energy transformations (ex: light bulb: electrical to light; food: chemical to mechanical)

Energy Conversion in a System
Energy Conversions
Food Chain

2.7.B: Discuss multi-step energy transformations (ex: coal: chemical to thermal to mechanical to electricity)

Energy Conversion in a System
Energy Conversions

2.7.C: The relationship between energy transformations and conservation of energy.

Energy Conversion in a System
Energy Conversions
Energy of a Pendulum
Inclined Plane - Sliding Objects
Period of a Pendulum
Roller Coaster Physics
Simple Harmonic Motion

3: Students, through the inquiry process, demonstrate knowledge of characteristics, structures and function of living things, the process and diversity of life, and how living organisms interact with each other and their environment.

3.1: Compare the structure and function of prokaryotic cells (bacteria) and eukaryotic cells (plant, animal, etc.) including the levels of organization of the structure and function, particularly with humans

3.1.A: Identify and observe single-celled and multicellular organisms

Paramecium Homeostasis

3.1.B: Define nucleus, prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

Building DNA
Cell Structure
RNA and Protein Synthesis

3.1.D: Identify and describe the functions of cell organelles in meeting the needs of cells

Cell Energy Cycle
Cell Structure
Paramecium Homeostasis

3.1.E: Define cell, tissue, organ, system, and organism

Circulatory System

3.1.F: Illustrate the hierarchal relationships of cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and organisms

Circulatory System

3.2: Explain how organisms and systems of organisms obtain and use energy resources to maintain stable conditions (e.g., food webs, photosynthesis, respiration)

3.2.A: Investigate and describe respiration as a process by which organisms (plants and animals) use the energy from sugars to carry out life functions.

Cell Energy Cycle
Photosynthesis Lab

3.2.C: Diagram the flow of energy through photosynthesis and its decomposition through respiration and fermentation

Cell Energy Cycle
Interdependence of Plants and Animals
Photosynthesis Lab
Pond Ecosystem

3.2.D: Analyze energy movement in biomes (food webs and pyramids)

Forest Ecosystem
Prairie Ecosystem

3.2.E: Classify organisms in food webs based upon characteristics (e.g., physical and behavior)

Human Evolution - Skull Analysis

3.3: Communicate the differences in the reproductive processes of a variety of plants and animals using the principles of genetic modeling (e.g., Punnet squares)

3.3.A: Explain the function of a chromosome

Human Karyotyping
Paramecium Homeostasis

3.3.D: Identify the purposes of cell division

Cell Division

3.3.E: Describe the key events in each phase of mitosis

Cell Division

3.3.F: Identify the differences in mitosis and meiosis

Cell Division

3.3.G: Differentiate between sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction

Cell Division

3.3.H: Define and identify gene, inheritance, phenotype, and genotype

Chicken Genetics
Evolution: Mutation and Selection
Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
Human Karyotyping
Microevolution
Mouse Genetics (One Trait)
Mouse Genetics (Two Traits)
Natural Selection

3.3.I: Define and identify dominant and recessive traits

Chicken Genetics
Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
Mouse Genetics (One Trait)
Mouse Genetics (Two Traits)

3.3.J: Identify examples of inherited characteristics

Evolution: Mutation and Selection
Microevolution
Natural Selection

3.3.L: Define Punnett square and genetic cross

Chicken Genetics
Mouse Genetics (One Trait)
Mouse Genetics (Two Traits)

3.3.M: Predict genetic crosses using Punnett squares

Chicken Genetics
Mouse Genetics (One Trait)
Mouse Genetics (Two Traits)

3.3.N: Interpret simple genetic crosses using Punnett squares

Chicken Genetics
Mouse Genetics (One Trait)
Mouse Genetics (Two Traits)

3.4: Investigate and explain the interdependent nature of populations and communities in the environment and describe how species in these populations adapt by evolving

3.4.A: Distinguish between a population and a community

Forest Ecosystem
Prairie Ecosystem

3.4.B: Identify living and non-living factors that effect populations and communities

Food Chain
Forest Ecosystem

3.4.C: Identify the different types of symbiosis and their positive and negative effects

Food Chain
Forest Ecosystem
Prairie Ecosystem

3.4.D: Explain how populations are impacted by changes in living and non-living factors in the environment

Food Chain
Forest Ecosystem
Prairie Ecosystem
Rabbit Population by Season

3.4.E: Explain and provide examples of adaptations

Evolution: Mutation and Selection
Human Evolution - Skull Analysis
Natural Selection
Rainfall and Bird Beaks

3.4.F: Define natural selection

Evolution: Mutation and Selection
Natural Selection

3.4.G: Explain the relationship between adaptations and natural selection

Evolution: Mutation and Selection
Natural Selection
Rainfall and Bird Beaks

3.4.H: Identify natural selection as a mechanism for evolution

Evolution: Mutation and Selection
Human Evolution - Skull Analysis
Natural Selection

3.4.I: Identify lines of evidence that support evolution.

Human Evolution - Skull Analysis

3.4.J: Explain how the fossil record provides evidence of life forms' appearance, diversification, and extinction

Human Evolution - Skull Analysis
Natural Selection

3.5: Create and use a basic classification scheme to identify plants and animals

3.5.A: Explain the relationship between kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species

Human Evolution - Skull Analysis

3.5.C: Create and use a basic classification scheme to identify plants and animals.

Human Evolution - Skull Analysis

4: Students, through the inquiry process, demonstrate knowledge of the composition, structures, processes and interactions of Earth?s systems and other objects in space.

4.1: Model and explain the internal structure of the earth and describe the formation and composition of earth?s external features in terms of the rock cycle and plate tectonics and constructive and destructive forces

4.1.A: Identify internal structures of the earth and their characteristics

Solar System

4.1.D: Explain the movement of plates over time.

Plate Tectonics

4.1.E: Explain or model the differences between Oceanic and Continental plates.

Plate Tectonics

4.1.F: Model and explain constructive forces on the earth (i.e., plate tectonics).

Plate Tectonics
Solar System

4.1.G: Compare and contrast types of rocks formed from different earth processes

Rock Classification
Solar System

4.2: Differentiate between rock types and mineral types and classify both by how they are formed and the utilization by humans

4.2.A: Make use of common rock and mineral identification tests to identify rocks and minerals, including common Montana rocks and minerals

Rock Classification

4.2.B: List how rocks and minerals are used in daily life.

Rock Classification

4.2.C: Explain the importance of the mining industry in Montana and the uses of rocks and minerals.

Rock Classification

4.2.D: Diagram the interaction between igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks through the rock cycle

Rock Cycle

4.3: Use fossils to describe the geologic timeline

4.3.B: Categorize the predominant organisms that appear within each major division of geologic time

Human Evolution - Skull Analysis

4.4: Describe the water cycle, the composition and structure of the atmosphere and the impact of oceans on large-scale weather patterns

4.4.B: Identify, diagram and label the components of the water cycle

Water Cycle

4.4.D: Explain how ocean currents are caused by convection currents

Conduction and Convection

4.4.E: Explain the impact of ocean currents on large-scale weather patterns.

Coastal Winds and Clouds

4.5: Describe and model the motion and tilt of earth in relation to the sun, and explain the concepts of day, night, seasons, year, and climatic changes

4.5.A: Explain, using a model, how the Earth rotates and revolves around the sun.

Seasons Around the World
Seasons in 3D
Seasons: Earth, Moon, and Sun
Seasons: Why do we have them?
Solar System

4.5.C: Explain how Earth's tilt and revolution affects climate zones

Seasons Around the World
Seasons in 3D
Seasons: Earth, Moon, and Sun
Seasons: Why do we have them?

4.5.E: Predict how a change in planetary movement would change Earth's days, seasons, years and climate.

Moon Phases
Moonrise, Moonset, and Phases
Seasons Around the World
Seasons in 3D
Seasons: Earth, Moon, and Sun
Seasons: Why do we have them?
Tides

4.6: Describe the earth, moon, planets and other objects in space in terms of size, force of gravity, structure, and movement in relation to the sun

4.6.A: Describe the earth, moon, planets and other objects in space in terms of relative size and stucture.

Solar System
Solar System Explorer

4.6.B: Identify that planets in our solar system have different lenghts of orbits and periods of rotation around the sun.

Orbital Motion - Kepler's Laws
Rotation/Revolution of Venus and Earth
Solar System
Solar System Explorer

4.6.C: Discuss how length of orbit and period of rotation affects length of years and days

Orbital Motion - Kepler's Laws
Solar System Explorer

4.6.D: Compare and contrast the length of days and years on different planets.

Solar System
Solar System Explorer

4.6.E: Describe the role of gravity in the orbit of moons around planets and planets around the sun.

Gravitational Force
Gravity Pitch
Orbital Motion - Kepler's Laws
Rotation/Revolution of Venus and Earth
Solar System
Tides

4.7: Identify scientific theories about the origin and evolution of the earth and solar system

4.7.B: Recognize that the sun and planets formed from the accretion of dust and gases

Solar System
Solar System Explorer

4.7.C: Identify how planets, such as the Earth, changed after their formation

Solar System