PS1A: Average speed is defined as the distance traveled in a given period of time.

PS1A.1: Measure the distance an object travels in a given interval of time and calculate the object?s average speed, using S = d/t. (e.g., a battery-powered toy car travels 20 meters in 5 seconds, so its average speed is 4 meters per second).

Distance-Time Graphs
Distance-Time and Velocity-Time Graphs
Pendulum Clock

PS1A.2: Illustrate the motion of an object, using a graph, or infer the motion of an object from a graph of the object?s position vs. time or speed vs. time.

Atwood Machine
Distance-Time Graphs
Distance-Time and Velocity-Time Graphs
Fan Cart Physics
Force and Fan Carts
Freefall Laboratory
Graphing Skills
Inclined Plane - Sliding Objects
Roller Coaster Physics
Uniform Circular Motion

PS1B: Friction is a force that acts to slow or stop the motion of objects.

PS1B.1: Demonstrate and explain the frictional force acting on an object with the use of a physical model.

Force and Fan Carts
Inclined Plane - Simple Machine
Roller Coaster Physics

PS1C: Unbalanced forces will cause changes in the speed or direction of an object's motion.

PS1C.1: Determine whether forces on an object are balanced or unbalanced and justify with observational evidence.

Atwood Machine
Charge Launcher
Fan Cart Physics
Force and Fan Carts
Inclined Plane - Simple Machine
Pith Ball Lab
Roller Coaster Physics
Uniform Circular Motion

PS1C.2: Given a description of forces on an object, predict the object?s motion.

Atwood Machine

PS2A: Substances have characteristic intrinsic properties, such as density, solubility, boiling point, and melting point, all of which are independent of the amount of the sample.

PS2A.1: Use characteristic intrinsic properties such as density, boiling point, and melting point to identify an unknown substance.

Colligative Properties
Density Experiment: Slice and Dice
Density Laboratory
Determining Density via Water Displacement
Freezing Point of Salt Water
Mineral Identification
Phase Changes

PS2B: Mixtures are combinations of substances whose chemical properties are preserved. Compounds are substances that are chemically formed and have different physical and chemical properties from the reacting substances.

PS2B.1: Separate a mixture using differences in properties (e.g., solubility, size, magnetic attraction) of the substances used to make the mixture.

Magnetism

PS2B.2: Demonstrate that the properties of a compound are different from the properties of the reactants from which it was formed.

Covalent Bonds
Dehydration Synthesis
Ionic Bonds
Limiting Reactants

PS2C: All matter is made of atoms. Matter made of only one type of atom is called an element.

PS2C.1: Explain that all matter is made of atoms, and give examples of common elements?substances composed of just one kind of atom.

Bohr Model of Hydrogen
Covalent Bonds
Electron Configuration
Element Builder
Ionic Bonds

PS2D: Compounds are composed of two or more kinds of atoms, which are bound together in well-defined molecules or arrays.

PS2D.1: Demonstrate with a labeled diagram and explain the relationship among atoms, molecules, elements, and compounds.

Bohr Model of Hydrogen
Covalent Bonds
Electron Configuration
Ionic Bonds
Limiting Reactants

PS2E: Solids, liquids, and gases differ in the motion of individual particles. In solids, particles are packed in a nearly rigid structure; in liquids, particles move around one another; and in gases, particles move almost independently.

PS2E.1: Describe how solids, liquids, and gases behave when put into a container (e.g., a gas fills the entire volume of the container). Relate these properties to the relative movement of the particles in the three states of matter.

Freezing Point of Salt Water
Temperature and Particle Motion

PS2F: When substances within a closed system interact, the total mass of the system remains the same. This concept, called conservation of mass, applies to all physical and chemical changes.

PS2F.1: Apply the concept of conservation of mass to correctly predict changes in mass before and after chemical reactions, including reactions that occur in closed containers, and reactions that occur in open containers where a gas is given off.

Balancing Chemical Equations
Chemical Equation Balancing
Limiting Reactants

PS3A: Energy exists in many forms: heat, light, chemical, electrical, motion of objects, and sound. Energy can be transformed from one form to another and transferred from one place to another.

PS3A.1: List different forms of energy (e.g., thermal, light, chemical, electrical, kinetic, and sound energy).

Energy Conversions

PS3A.2: Describe ways in which energy is transformed from one form to another and transferred from one place to another (e.g., chemical energy to electricity in a battery, electrical to light energy in a bulb).

Energy Conversion in a System
Energy Conversions
Inclined Plane - Sliding Objects
Period of a Pendulum

PS3B: Heat (thermal energy) flows from warmer to cooler objects until both reach the same temperature. Conduction, radiation, and convection, or mechanical mixing, are the means of heat transfer.

PS3B.1: Use everyday examples of conduction, radiation, and convection, or mechanical mixing, to illustrate the transfer of heat energy from warmer objects to cooler ones until the objects reach the same temperature.

Conduction and Convection
Energy Conversions
Heat Transfer by Conduction
Radiation

PS3C: Heat (thermal energy) consists of random motion and the vibrations of atoms and molecules. The higher the temperature, the greater the atomic or molecular motion. Thermal insulators are materials that resist the flow of heat.

PS3C.1: Explain how various types of insulation slow transfer of heat energy based on the atomic-molecular model of heat (thermal energy).

Conduction and Convection
Energy Conversions

PS3D: Visible light from the Sun is made up of a mixture of all colors of light. To see an object, light emitted or reflected by that object must enter the eye.

PS3D.1: Describe how to demonstrate that visible light from the Sun is made up of different colors.

Color Absorption
Radiation

PS3D.2: Draw and label a diagram showing that for an object to be seen, light must come directly from the object or from an external source reflected from the object, and enter the eye.

Heat Absorption
Laser Reflection
Ray Tracing (Lenses)
Ray Tracing (Mirrors)

PS3E: Energy from a variety of sources can be transformed into electrical energy, and then to almost any other form of energy. Electricity can also be distributed quickly to distant locations.

PS3E.1: Illustrate the transformations of energy in an electric circuit when heat, light, and sound are produced. Describe the transformation of energy in a battery within an electric circuit.

Advanced Circuits
Circuits
Energy Conversion in a System
Energy Conversions
Longitudinal Waves
Phase Changes

PS3F: Energy can be transferred from one place to another through waves. Waves include vibrations in materials. Sound and earthquake waves are examples. These and other waves move at different speeds in different materials.

PS3F.2: Explain that sound is caused by a vibrating object.

Longitudinal Waves
Sound Beats and Sine Waves

ES1A: The Moon?s monthly cycle of phases can be explained by its changing relative position as it orbits Earth. An eclipse of the Moon occurs when the Moon enters Earth?s shadow. An eclipse of the Sun occurs when the Moon is between the Earth and Sun, and the Moon?s shadow falls on the Earth.

ES1A.1: Use a physical model or diagram to explain how the Moon?s changing position in its orbit results in the changing phases of the Moon as observed from Earth.

Moon Phases
Moonrise, Moonset, and Phases

ES1A.2: Explain how the cause of an eclipse of the Moon is different from the cause of the Moon?s phases.

2D Eclipse
3D Eclipse
Moon Phases
Moonrise, Moonset, and Phases

ES1B: Earth is the third planet from the sun in a system that includes the Moon, the Sun, seven other major planets and their moons, and smaller objects, such as asteroids, plutoids, and comets. These bodies differ in many characteristics (e.g., size, composition, relative position).

ES1B.1: Compare the relative sizes and distances of the Sun, Moon, Earth, other major planets, moons, asteroids, plutoids, and comets.

Solar System
Solar System Explorer

ES1C: Most objects in the Solar System are in regular and predictable motion. These motions explain such phenomena as the day, the year, phases of the moon, and eclipses.

ES1C.1: Use a simple physical model or labeled drawing of the Earth-Sun-Moon system to explain day and night, phases of the Moon, and eclipses of the Moon and Sun.

2D Eclipse
3D Eclipse
Moon Phases
Moonrise, Moonset, and Phases

ES1E: Our Sun is one of hundreds of billions of stars in the Milky Way galaxy. Many of these stars have planets orbiting around them. The Milky Way galaxy is one of hundreds of billions of galaxies in the universe.

ES1E.1: Construct a physical model or diagram showing Earth?s position in the Solar System, the Solar System?s position in the Milky Way, and the Milky Way among other galaxies.

Solar System
Solar System Explorer

ES2B: The Sun is the major source of energy for phenomena on Earth?s surface, such as winds, ocean currents, and the water cycle.

ES2B.2: Describe the role of the Sun in the water cycle.

Tides
Water Cycle

ES2C: In the water cycle, water evaporates from Earth?s surface, rises and cools, forms clouds, then condenses and falls as rain or snow, and collects in bodies of water.

ES2C.1: Describe the water cycle and give local examples of where parts of the water cycle can be seen.

Water Cycle

ES2E: The solid Earth is composed of a relatively thin crust, a dense metallic core, and a layer called the mantle between the crust and core that is very hot and partially melted.

ES2E.1: Sketch and label the major layers of Earth, showing the approximate relative thicknesses and consistency of the crust, core, and mantle.

Measuring Trees

ES2F: The crust is composed of huge crustal plates on the scale of continents and oceans which move centimeters per year, pushed by convection in the upper mantle, causing earthquakes, volcanoes, and mountains.

ES2F.1: Draw a labeled diagram showing how convection in the upper mantle drives movement of crustal plates.

Plate Tectonics

ES2F.2: Describe what may happen when plate boundaries meet (e.g., earthquakes, tsunami, faults, mountain building), with examples from the Pacific Northwest.

2D Collisions
Plate Tectonics

ES2G: Landforms are created by processes that build up structures and processes that break down and carry away material through erosion and weathering.

ES2G.1: Explain how a given landform (e.g. mountain) has been shaped by processes that build up structures (e.g., uplift) and by processes that break down and carry away material (e.g., weathering and erosion).

Rock Cycle

ES2H: The rock cycle describes the formation of igneous rock from magma or lava, sedimentary rock from compaction of eroded particles, and metamorphic rock by heating and pressure.

ES2H.1: Identify samples of igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rock from their properties and describe how their properties provide evidence of how they were formed.

Rock Classification
Rock Cycle

LS1A: All organisms are composed of cells, which carry on the many functions needed to sustain life.

LS1A.2: Describe the functions performed by cells to sustain a living organism (e.g., division to produce more cells, taking in nutrients, releasing waste, using energy to do work, and producing materials the organism needs).

Cell Division
Cell Energy Cycle
Paramecium Homeostasis
Photosynthesis Lab
Prairie Ecosystem

LS1B: One-celled organisms must contain parts to carry out all life functions.

LS1B.1: Draw and describe observations made with a microscope, showing that a single-celled organism (e.g., paramecium) contains parts used for all life functions.

Cell Structure
Paramecium Homeostasis

LS1C: Multicellular organisms have specialized cells that perform different functions. These cells join together to form tissues that give organs their structure and enable the organs to perform specialized functions within organ systems.

LS1C.1: Relate the structure of a specialized cell (e.g., nerve and muscle cells) to the function that the cell performs.

Cell Structure
Paramecium Homeostasis

LS1C.3: Describe the components and functions of the digestive, circulatory, and respiratory systems in humans and how these systems interact.

Circulatory System
Paramecium Homeostasis

LS1D: Both plant and animal cells must carry on life functions, so they have parts in common, such as nuclei, cytoplasm, cell membranes, and mitochondria. But plants have specialized cell parts, such as chloroplasts and cell walls, because they are producers and do not move.

LS1D.1: Use labeled diagrams or models to illustrate similarities and differences between plant and animal cell structures and describe their functions (e.g., both have nuclei, cytoplasm, cell membranes, and mitochondria, while only plants have chloroplasts and cell walls).

Cell Energy Cycle
Cell Structure
Photosynthesis Lab

LS1E: In classifying organisms, scientists consider both internal and external structures and behaviors.

LS1E.1: Use a classification key to identify organisms, noting use of both internal and external structures as well as behaviors.

Human Evolution - Skull Analysis
Paramecium Homeostasis

LS2A: An ecosystem consists of all the populations living within a specific area and the nonliving factors they interact with. One geographical area may contain many ecosystems.

LS2A.1: Explain that an ecosystem is a defined area that contains populations of organisms and nonliving factors.

Food Chain
Forest Ecosystem

LS2A.2: Give examples of ecosystems (e.g., Olympic National Forest, Puget Sound, one square foot of lawn) and describe their boundaries and contents.

Forest Ecosystem
Paramecium Homeostasis
Prairie Ecosystem

LS2B: Energy flows through an ecosystem from producers (plants) to consumers to decomposers. These relationships can be shown for specific populations in a food web.

LS2B.1: Analyze the flow of energy in a local ecosystem, and draw a labeled food web showing the relationships among all of the ecosystem?s plant and animal populations.

Food Chain
Forest Ecosystem
Interdependence of Plants and Animals
Photosynthesis Lab
Prairie Ecosystem

LS2C: The major source of energy for ecosystems on Earth?s surface is sunlight. Producers transform the energy of sunlight into the chemical energy of food through photosynthesis. This food energy is used by plants, and all other organisms to carry on life processes. Nearly all organisms on the surface of Earth depend on this energy source.

LS2C.1: Explain how energy from the Sun is transformed through photosynthesis to produce chemical energy in food.

Cell Energy Cycle
Energy Conversion in a System
Energy Conversions
Food Chain
Interdependence of Plants and Animals
Photosynthesis Lab
Pond Ecosystem
Prairie Ecosystem

LS2C.2: Explain that plants are the only organisms that make their own food. Animals cannot survive without plants because animals get food by eating plants or other animals that eat plants.

Cell Energy Cycle
Growing Plants
Interdependence of Plants and Animals
Natural Selection
Photosynthesis Lab
Prairie Ecosystem

LS2D: Ecosystems are continuously changing. Causes of these changes include nonliving factors such as the amount of light, range of temperatures, and availability of water, as well as living factors such as the disappearance of different species through disease, predation, and overuse of resources or the introduction of new species.

LS2D.1: Predict what may happen to an ecosystem if nonliving factors change (e.g., the amount of light, range of temperatures, or availability of water or habitat), or if one or more populations are removed from or added to the ecosystem.

Food Chain
Forest Ecosystem
Prairie Ecosystem

LS2E: Investigations of environmental issues should uncover factors causing the problem and relevant scientific concepts and findings that may inform an analysis of different ways to address the issue.

LS2E.2: Identify resource uses that reduce the capacity of ecosystems to support various populations (e.g., use of pesticides, construction).

Food Chain
Forest Ecosystem
Prairie Ecosystem
Rabbit Population by Season

LS3A: The scientific theory of evolution underlies the study of biology and explains both the diversity of life on Earth and similarities of all organisms at the chemical, cellular, and molecular level. Evolution is supported by multiple forms of scientific evidence.

LS3A.1: Explain and provide evidence of how biological evolution accounts for the diversity of species on Earth today.

Human Evolution - Skull Analysis
Solar System

LS3B: Every organism contains a set of genetic information (instructions) to specify its traits. This information is contained within genes in the chromosomes in the nucleus of each cell.

LS3B.1: Explain that information on how cells are to grow and function is contained in genes in the chromosomes of each cell nucleus and that during the process of reproduction the genes are passed from the parent cells to offspring.

Building DNA
Cell Division
Evolution: Mutation and Selection
Human Karyotyping
Microevolution
Natural Selection

LS3C: Reproduction is essential for every species to continue to exist. Some plants and animals reproduce sexually while others reproduce asexually. Sexual reproduction leads to greater diversity of characteristics because children inherit genes from both parents.

LS3C.1: Identify sexually and asexually reproducing plants and animals.

Cell Division

LS3C.2: Explain why offspring that result from sexual reproduction are likely to have more diverse characteristics than offspring that result from asexual reproduction.

Cell Division
Microevolution

LS3D: In sexual reproduction the new organism receives half of its genetic information from each parent, resulting in offspring that are similar but not identical to either parent. In asexual reproduction just one parent is involved, and genetic information is passed on nearly unchanged.

LS3D.1: Describe that in sexual reproduction the offspring receive genetic information from both parents, and therefore differ from the parents.

Evolution: Mutation and Selection
Microevolution
Natural Selection

LS3D.2: Predict the outcome of specific genetic crosses involving one characteristic (using principles of Mendelian genetics).

Chicken Genetics
Mouse Genetics (One Trait)
Mouse Genetics (Two Traits)

LS3D.3: Explain the survival value of genetic variation.

Microevolution
Natural Selection
Prairie Ecosystem

LS3E: Adaptations are physical or behavioral changes that are inherited and enhance the ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in a particular environment.

LS3E.1: Give an example of a plant or animal adaptation that would confer a survival and reproductive advantage during a given environmental change.

Evolution: Mutation and Selection
Growing Plants
Natural Selection

LS3F: Extinction occurs when the environment changes and the adaptive characteristics of a species, including its behaviors, are insufficient to allow its survival.

LS3F.1: Given an ecosystem, predict which organisms are most likely to disappear from that environment when the environment changes in specific ways.

Forest Ecosystem
Prairie Ecosystem