1: Earth and Space Sciences

1.B: Explain that many processes occur in patterns within the Earth's systems.

1.B.2: Explain climate and weather patterns associated with certain geographic locations and features (e.g., tornado alley, tropical hurricanes and lake effect snow).

Coastal Winds and Clouds
Hurricane Motion
Seasons Around the World
Seasons in 3D
Seasons: Earth, Moon, and Sun
Seasons: Why do we have them?

1.C: Explain the 4.5 billion-year-history of Earth and the 4 billion-year-history of life on Earth based on observable scientific evidence in the geologic record.

1.C.3: Explain how geologic time can be estimated by multiple methods (e.g., rock sequences, fossil correlation, radiometric dating).

Half-life
Human Evolution - Skull Analysis

1.D: Describe the finite nature of Earth's resources and those human activities that can conserve or deplete Earth's resources.

1.D.6: Describe ways that human activity can alter biogeochemical cycles (e.g., carbon and nitrogen cycles) as well as food webs and energy pyramids (e.g., pest control, legume rotation crops vs. chemical fertilizers).

Food Chain
Water Pollution

2: Life Sciences

2.A: Explain that cells are the basic unit of structure and function of living organisms, that once life originated all cells come from pre-existing cells, and that there are a variety of cell types.

2.A.1: Explain that living cells

2.A.1.b: are the basic unit of structure and function of all living things

Cell Structure
Paramecium Homeostasis

2.A.1.c: come from pre-existing cells,

Cell Division

2.A.1.d: are different from viruses.

Virus Life Cycle (Lytic)

2.A.2: Compare the structure, function and interrelatedness of cell organelles in eukaryotic cells (e.g., nucleus, chromosome, mitochondria, cell membrane, cell wall, chloroplast, cilia, flagella) and prokaryotic cells.

Cell Energy Cycle
Cell Structure
Paramecium Homeostasis
Photosynthesis Lab
RNA and Protein Synthesis

2.B: Explain the characteristics of life as indicated by cellular processes and describe the process of cell division and development.

2.B.3: Explain the characteristics of life as indicated by cellular processes including

2.B.3.a: homeostasis

Human Homeostasis
Paramecium Homeostasis

2.B.3.c: transportation of molecules

Osmosis

2.B.3.d: disposal of wastes

Cell Energy Cycle
Interdependence of Plants and Animals

2.B.4: Summarize the general processes of cell division and differentiation, and explain why specialized cells are useful to organisms and explain that complex multicellular organisms are formed as highly organized arrangements of differentiated cells.

Cell Division

2.C: Explain the genetic mechanisms and molecular basis of inheritance.

2.C.5: Illustrate the relationship of the structure and function of DNA to protein synthesis and the characteristics of an organism.

RNA and Protein Synthesis

2.C.6: Explain that a unit of hereditary information is called a gene, and genes may occur in different forms called alleles (e.g., gene for pea plant height has two alleles, tall and short).

Chicken Genetics
Human Karyotyping
Mouse Genetics (One Trait)
Mouse Genetics (Two Traits)

2.C.7: Describe that spontaneous changes in DNA are mutations, which are a source of genetic variation. When mutations occur in sex cells, they may be passed on to future generations; mutations that occur in body cells may affect the functioning of that cell or the organism in which that cell is found.

Evolution: Mutation and Selection

2.C.8: Use the concepts of Mendelian and non-Mendelian genetics (e.g., segregation, independent assortment, dominant and recessive traits, sex-linked traits, jumping genes) to explain inheritance.

Chicken Genetics
Mouse Genetics (One Trait)
Mouse Genetics (Two Traits)

2.D: Explain the flow of energy and the cycling of matter through biological and ecological systems (cellular, organismal and ecological).

2.D.9: Describe how matter cycles and energy flows through different levels of organization in living systems and between living systems and the physical environment. Explain how some energy is stored and much is dissipated into the environment as thermal energy (e.g., food webs and energy pyramids).

Photosynthesis Lab

2.D.10: Describe how cells and organisms acquire and release energy (photosynthesis, chemosynthesis, cellular respiration and fermentation).

Cell Energy Cycle
Interdependence of Plants and Animals
Photosynthesis Lab

2.E: Explain how evolutionary relationships contribute to an understanding of the unity and diversity of life.

2.E.12: Describe that biological classification represents how organisms are related with species being the most fundamental unit of the classification system. Relate how organisms are arranged into a hierarchy of groups and subgroups based on similarities and differences that reflect their evolutionary relationships.

Human Evolution - Skull Analysis

2.E.13: Explain that the variation of organisms within a species increases the likelihood that at least some members of a species will survive under gradually changing environmental conditions.

Microevolution

2.E.14: Relate diversity and adaptation to structures and their functions in living organisms (e.g., adaptive radiation).

Evolution: Mutation and Selection
Natural Selection
Rainfall and Bird Beaks

2.F: Explain the structure and function of ecosystems and relate how ecosystems change over time.

2.F.16: Relate how distribution and abundance of organisms and populations in ecosystems are limited by the ability of the ecosystem to recycle materials and the availability of matter, space and energy.

Food Chain

2.G: Describe how human activities can impact the status of natural systems.

2.G.18: Describe ways that human activities can deliberately or inadvertently alter the equilibrium in ecosystems. Explain how changes in technology/biotechnology can cause significant changes, either positive or negative, in environmental quality and carrying capacity.

Rabbit Population by Season
Water Pollution

2.H: Describe a foundation of biological evolution as the change in gene frequency of a population over time. Explain the historical and current scientific developments, mechanisms and processes of biological evolution.

2.H.20: Recognize that a change in gene frequency (genetic composition) in a population over time is a foundation of biological evolution.

Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
Microevolution

2.H.21: Explain that natural selection leads to organisms that are well suited for survival in particular environments. Explain how chance alone can result in the persistence of some inherited characteristics having a reproductive advantage or disadvantage for the organism. Recognize that when an environment changes, the survival value of some inherited characteristics may change.

Evolution: Mutation and Selection
Microevolution
Natural Selection
Rainfall and Bird Beaks

2.H.22: Describe historical scientific developments that occurred in evolutionary thought (e.g., Lamarck and Darwin, Mendelian Genetics and modern synthesis).

Human Evolution - Skull Analysis

2.H.23: (This indicator has been Deleted by Ohio) Explain that natural selection provides the following mechanism for evolution, variation in inherited characteristics exist within every species. These characteristics give individuals an advantage over others in surviving and reproducing, and the advantaged offspring are more likely to survive and reproduce. Therefore, the proportion of individuals that have advantageous characteristics will increase.

Evolution: Mutation and Selection
Microevolution
Natural Selection
Rainfall and Bird Beaks

2.I: Explain how natural selection and other evolutionary mechanisms account for the unity and diversity of past and present life forms.

2.I.24: Analyze how natural selection and other evolutionary mechanisms (e.g. genetic drift, immigration, emigration, mutation) and their consequences provide a scientific explanation for the diversity and unity of past life forms, as depicted in the fossil record, and present life forms.

Evolution: Mutation and Selection
Human Evolution - Skull Analysis
Microevolution
Natural Selection