Physical properties of matter

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    Temperature and Particle Motion

    Observe the movement of particles of an ideal gas at a variety of temperatures. A histogram showing the Maxwell-Boltzmann … velocity distribution is shown, and the most probable velocity, mean velocity, and root mean square velocity can be calculated. Molecules of different gases can be compared.

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    Phase Changes

    Explore the relationship between molecular motion, temperature, and phase changes. Compare the molecular structure of solids, liquids, … and gases. Graph temperature changes as ice is melted and water is boiled. Find the effect of altitude on phase changes. The starting temperature, ice volume, altitude, and rate of heating or cooling can be adjusted.

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    Colligative Properties

    Determine how the physical properties of a solvent are dependent on the number of solute particles present. Different solutes can be … chosen and the concentration of the solute can be manipulated to determine the boiling point, freezing point, osmotic pressure and vapor pressure of pure water as well as various solutions.

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    Freezing Point of Salt Water

    Control the temperature of a beaker of water. As the temperature drops below the freezing point, a transformation of state will occur that … can be viewed on a molecular level. Salt can be added to the water to see its effect on the freezing point of water.

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    Solubility and Temperature

    Add varying amounts of a chemical to a beaker of water to create a solution, observe that the chemical dissolves in the water at first, … and then measure the concentration of the solution at the saturation point. Either potassium nitrate or sodium chloride can be added to the water, and the temperature of the water can be adjusted.

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    Boyle's Law and Charles' Law

    Investigate the properties of an ideal gas by performing experiments in which the temperature is held constant (Boyle's Law), and others … in which the pressure remains fixed (Charles' Law). The pressure is controlled through the placement of masses on the lid of the container, and temperature is controlled with an adjustable heat source.

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    Calorimetry Lab

    Investigate how calorimetry can be used to find relative specific heat values when different substances are mixed with water. Modify … initial mass and temperature values to see effects on the system. One or any combination of the substances can be mixed with water. A dynamic graph (temperature vs. time) shows temperatures of the individual substances after mixing.

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    Density Laboratory

    With a scale to measure mass, a graduated cylinder to measure volume, and a large beaker of liquid to observe flotation, the … relationship between mass, volume, density, and flotation can be investigated. The density of the liquid in the beaker can be adjusted, and a variety of objects can be studied during the investigation.

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    Density via Comparison

    Using four beakers of different liquids with a known density, try to determine the density of a variety of unknown objects. Compare … the buoyancy of each object in each beaker to determine an approximate value of density without knowing the mass or volume of the objects.

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    Determining Density via Water Displacement

    Drop objects in a beaker that is filled with water, and measure the water that flows over the edge. Using Archimedes' principle, determine … the density of objects based on the amount of displaced water.

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    Density Experiment: Slice and Dice

    Drop a chunk of material in a beaker of water and observe whether it sinks or floats. Cut the chunk into smaller pieces of any size, … and observe what happens as they are dropped in the beaker. The mass and volume of each chunk can be measured to gain a clear understanding of density and buoyancy.

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    Archimedes' Principle

    Place weights into a boat and see how far the boat sinks into a tank of liquid. The depth of the boat can be measured, as well as the … amount of liquid displaced. The dimensions of the boat and the density of the liquid can be adjusted. See how much weight the boat can hold before it sinks to the bottom!

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